Bacterial Flora of the Normal Conjunctiva I. Topographical Distribution

Fahmy, J. A.; Møller, Susanne; Bentzon, Michael Weis

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1974.tb01115.x

Cited by 36 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…In addition, what was considered the normal flora was also included in the experiment (coagulase negative staphylococci, a-haemolytic streptococci and a mixed flora of these bacteria). A similar flora is normally found in other animals and man (CASON and WINKLER, 1954;BISTNER et al, 1969;OJO et al, 1972;FAHMY et al, 1974;REHBINDER and TSCHAPPAT, 1974).Normal flora has been connected with clinical cases of keratitis in reindeer (REHBINDER and GLATTHARD, 1977). In these experiments it was not possible to produce a single case of keratitis with the normal flora as the sole etiological agent.…”

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confidence: 52%

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Studies on Keratitis in Reindeer

Rehbinder

Glatthard

Moell

et al. 2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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Summary The experimental procedure was in many regards a reproduction of large‐scale investigations on mice. The factors studied were different bacteria from clinical cases of keratitis in reindeer, traumatic erosions of the cornea, dust and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (40 J/m2 given during 4 hours). The dose of UV irradiation is below the estimated dose of natural UV‐light that would reach the eyes of free‐living animals at the Arctic Circle, and below the threshold values for photoophthalmia reported for rabbits (50 J/m2). In this investigation, as in the large‐scale investigation on mice, it was found that each parameter by itself did not cause keratitis. When erosion of the cornea and different bacteria were combined, one eye out of 8 developed clinically manifest keratitis. When erosions and bacteria were combined with UV‐irradiation, 6 of 8 eyes developed clinically manifest keratitis and when erosion, bacteria and dust were combined with UV‐irradiation, 7 of 8 eyes developed clinically manifest keratitis. The clinical investigations were complemented by bacteriological, histological and ultrastructural investigations. It was concluded that natural UV‐radiation may act as an enhancing factor in the development of keratitis in reindeer when the cornea is affected by laceration and concomitant bacterial infection. The regularly appearing keratitis of forest reindeer has to be considered to be a result primarily of the herding conditions which cause corneal and conjunctival lesions and an abundance of bacteria in the conjunctival sac, which later cooperate as etiological factors in the development of keratitis. Natural UV‐radiation will act as an enhancing factor which could explain the markedly higher frequency of keratitis cases in dry hot summers. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen über die Keratitis beim Rentier 3. Teil: Experimentell induzierte Keratitis beim Rentier Die Methodik glich in mancher Hinsicht derjenigen, welche bei den Mäuseexperimenten zur Anwendung kam (vgl. 2. Teil dieser Arbeit). Als Auslöserfaktoren wurden untersucht: 1. verschiedene Bakterienarten, welche bei klinischen Fällen von Rentierkeratitiden isoliert wurden, 2. traumatische Erosionen der Kornea, 3. Staubapplikation, 4. UV‐Bestrahlung (40 J/m2 während 4 Stunden). Die UV‐Dosis war geringer als die geschätzte Dosis der natürlichen UV‐Strahlung, welche die Augen frei lebender Tiere im Gebiet des nördlichen Polarkreises erreicht, sie lag auch unter dem Schwellenwert für die Auslösung einer Bestrahlungs‐Ophthalmie bei Kaninchen (50 J/m2). In Analogie zu den im großen Maßstab durchgeführten Untersuchungen an Mäusen zeigten auch diese Versuche, daß eine Noxe allein keine Keratitis erzeugt. Wurden Korneaerosionen mit Bakterieninokulationen kombiniert, so trat in einem von acht Augen eine klinisch manifeste Keratitis auf. Wurden Korneaerosionen mit Bakterieninokulationen kombiniert und zusätzlich eine UV‐Bestrahlung durchgeführt, so entwickelten sich bei 6 von 8 Augen klinisch manifeste Keratitiden. Wurden Korneaerosionen mit Bakterieninokul...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

supporting

confidence: 52%

Studies on Keratitis in Reindeer

Rehbinder

Glatthard

Moell

et al. 2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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“…Bacteria were identified in the same way as described by Cowan & Steel (1965). However, in the present study, no attempt was made to identify Haemopldzts inflitenzae and anaerobic bacteria, as it has been found (Fahmy et al 1974(Fahmy et al , 1975a that these bacteria are rarely present in normal eyes.…”

Section: Conjunctivamentioning

confidence: 73%

“…I n the last 3 months of the investigation (7.5.1973 to 16.8.1973) further samples were taken from the gloves of the surgeon (sample Gh) and assistant nurse (sample Hh) after surgery. The methods of taking samples in the present study were as follows: Immediately after admission, and after the instillation of 0.2 O/o oxybuprocaine (benoxinate hydrochloride) anaesthetic eye drops (without preservatives), a culture was obtained from the lower fornical and tarsal conjunctiva (sample A) with a dry cotton wool swab (Fahmy et al 1974(Fahmy et al , 1975a. Cultures were then taken from one of the nostrils (sample B) and from the skin of the face (sample C) with a wet (0.9Oio NaC1) cotton wool swab.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Flora in Relation to Cataract Extraction

Ja¹,

Møller

1975

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The conjunctival flora of 499 patients was studied the day before cataract extraction, no antibiotics or chemotherapeutical agents had been used before admission. Staphylococcus albus was by far the most common micro-organism (95.4%), followed by corynebacteria (44%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), gram-negative bacilli (7.8%) and pneumo-streptococci (4.4%). Corynebacteria was isolated more frequently in the presence of S. albus, while S. aureus and gram-negative bacilli were found more frequently in the absence of S. albus. No relationship could be demonstrated between the occurrence of pneumo-streptococci and S. albus. The flora of the nose and skin of the face were studied and compared with the conjunctival flora, and a similarity could be observed. Furthermore, strains of S. aureus isolated at the same time from the two or three regions, in most cases, showed the same bacterio-phage type complex. The conjunctival flora was further correlated with sex, age, season, and number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils recovered from the conjunctival fluid. The incidence of corynebacteria and gram-negative bacilli was found to be higher in males, while corynebacteria was the only organism to show seasonal variation, i.e. was isolated more frequently in the second and third quarters of the year. No correlation could be found between age or number of neutrophils.

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“…The fact that the wound site was found to be less contaminated with bacteria at the end of surgery than the conjunctival cul de sac immediately before operation, is explained by the topographical distribution of bacteria on the conjunctiva. Elsewhere (Fahmy et al 1974) it has been demonstrated that the bulbar conjunctiva, a priori, harboured less bacteria than the lower fornical conjunctiva. Furthermore, no anaesthetic eye drops were used immediately before obtaining cultures from the wound site, while tetracaine eye drops were instilled before taking samples immediately prior to surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Flora in Relation to Cataract Extraction

Møller

1975

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The peroperative flora of 499 patients undergoing cataract extraction was studied with local bacterial cultures taken at the beginning and end of surgery and compared with the preoperative flora examined previously (Fahmy et al. 1975 b) on admission the day prior to surgery. The local application of a single dose of oxytetracycline - polymyxin B, approximately 18 hours before surgery, significantly reduced the incidence of bacteria at the time of surgery. However, 92% of the conjunctivas examined immediately before operation proved to harbour one or more kinds of microorganisms. Futhermore, 61% of the wound sites were found to be contaminated with bacteria at the conclusion of surgery. The reasons are discussed. The origin of Staphylococcus aureus isolated peroperatively from the conjunctiva and wound site was studied. The great majority of strains could be traced to the patient's own conjunctiva preoperatively. In a few cases S. aureus was traced to the patient's own nose, skin of face or to the surgeon's nose. The air of the wards and operating theatre as well as the hands and gloves of surgeons and assistant nurses apparently did not play any role as a source of S. aureus infection.

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Bacterial Flora of the Normal Conjunctiva I. Topographical Distribution

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Studies on Keratitis in Reindeer

Studies on Keratitis in Reindeer

Bacterial Flora in Relation to Cataract Extraction

Bacterial Flora in Relation to Cataract Extraction

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