Bacterial etiology of acute otitis media and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin–clavulanate versus azithromycin

Güven, Mehmet; Bulut, Yunus Emre; Sezer, Taner; Aladağ, İbrahim; Eyibilen, Ahmet; Etikán, Ílker

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.10.004

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The dose of AZM tested in this study, 10 mg/kg for 3 days for children, resulted in bacterial eradication equivalent, in one study [9] but inferior in another [19], to a 10-day course of penicillin V. A higher dose of AZM (20 mg/kg) has been shown to result in a higher bacterial eradication rate. In general, bacterial resistance to macrolides is more prevalent than that to beta-lactams [20], and in-vitro susceptibility to AZM is inferior to that to CFPN-PI [21], as observed in our study. Although the short-term clinical efficacy of AZM was not inferior to that of a newer cephalosporin, eradication of the bacteria by AZM should be addressed in the future, because resistance to macrolides has been implicated in clinical problems such as relapsing infection and persistent carriage despite antibiotic treatment [22].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…It is likely that the unique characteristics of AZM contribute to the efficacy of the drug against GAS tonsillopharyngitis. In concert, AZM had comparable efficacy with the control beta-lactam despite inferior susceptibility in patients with acute otitis media [21]. As in the case of S. pneumoniae [27], the efficacy of AZM may not correlate with in-vitro susceptibility test for GAS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Evaluation of short-term clinical efficacy of 3-day therapy with azithromycin in comparison with 5-day cefcapene-pivoxyl for acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in primary care

Koga

Rikimaru

Tokunaga

et al. 2011

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Evaluation of short-term clinical efficacy of 3-day therapy with azithromycin in comparison with 5-day cefcapene-pivoxyl for acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in primary care

Koga

Rikimaru

Tokunaga

et al. 2011

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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“…We reviewed 71 fulltext articles, of which 12 were included (Supplemental Fig 3). 12,18,21,30,[35][36][37][38]41,[43][44] …”

Section: Aommentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

Kronman¹,

2014

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Many pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are viral and do not require antimicrobial treatment. Recent estimates of antimicrobial overprescribing for these infections, defined based on the published bacterial disease prevalence among all ARTI, are not available. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Based on the published bacterial prevalence rates for pediatric ARTI, antimicrobial agents are prescribed almost twice as often as expected to outpatients nationally, amounting to an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually. abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobials are frequently prescribed for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI), although many are viral. We aimed to determine bacterial prevalence rates for 5 common childhood ARTI -acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and pharyngitis-and to compare these rates to nationally representative antimicrobial prescription rates for these ARTI. METHODS:We performed (1) a meta-analysis of English language pediatric studies published between 2000 and 2011 in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library to determine ARTI bacterial prevalence rates; and (2) a retrospective cohort analysis of children age ,18 years evaluated in ambulatory clinics sampled by the 2000-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) to determine estimated US ARTI antimicrobial prescribing rates. RESULTS:From the meta-analysis, the AOM bacterial prevalence was 64.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.5%-77.7%); Streptococcus pyogenes prevalence during pharyngitis was 20.2% (95% CI, 15.9%-25.2%). No URI or bronchitis studies met inclusion criteria, and 1 sinusitis study met inclusion criteria, identifying bacteria in 78% of subjects. Based on these condition-specific bacterial prevalence rates, the expected antimicrobial rescribing rate for ARTI overall was 27.4% (95% CI, 26.5%-28.3%). However, antimicrobial agents were prescribed in NAMCS during 56.9% (95% CI, 50.8%-63.1%) of ARTI encounters, representing an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually.

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“…Another important structural characteristic is the presence of other sugar moiety containing a dimethylamine group, which confers to the macrolides a basic behavior 2 and makes them a potential n-electron donating substances. One of the most important members of this class is the azithromycin (Figure 1), which has been used as antibiotic in the human medicine for the treatment or prophylaxis of a number of health problems such as ear, lung, skin, and throat infections, 3,4 veneral disease, 5 pneumonia, 6 toxoplasmosis 7 and opportunistic diseases in patients with AIDS. 8 Several analytical methods can be found in the literature for the azithromycin determination in different kinds of samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations based on its charge transfer reaction with quinalizarin

Paula¹,

Almeida²,

Cassella³

2010

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Neste trabalho é proposto um novo método para a determinação espectrofotométrica simples e rápida de azitromicina em formulações farmacêuticas. O método está baseado na reação de transferência de carga entre a azitromicina e a quinalizarina em meio de metanol. O efeito de diversas variáveis foi avaliado com o intuito de alcançar máxima sensibilidade analítica. A reação de transferência de carga foi caracterizada, sendo determinadas a estequiometria da reação, a absortividade molar aparente e a constante de associação. Melhores resultados foram obtidos em meio de metanol e com uma concentração de quinalizarina de 50 mg L -1 . Nestas condições, o ânion radicalar (produto da reação de transferência de carga) foi formado imediatamente após a mistura dos reagentes, apresentando máxima absorção em 564 nm. O método apresentou um limite de detecção de 0,35 mg L -1 e um limite de quantificação de 1,2 mg L -1 , sendo aplicado com sucesso na determinação de azitromicina em três amostras de medicamentos comerciais contendo azitromicina. This paper proposes a new method for simple and fast spectrophotometric determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the charge transfer reaction between the azithromycin and quinalizarin in methanol medium. In order to achieve maximum sensitivity the effect of some chemical variables such as the type of solvent, reagent concentration and reaction time were evaluated. The reaction was characterized in terms of stability of the product formed and its stoichiometry, and the apparent molar absorptivity and association constant were derived. Best conditions for the analytical determination of azithromycin were observed in methanol medium with a quinalizarin concentration of 50 mg L -1 . At these conditions, the radical anion (absorbing specie) was formed in the medium immediately after mixing of the reagents and showed maximum absorption at 564 nm. The method presented a limit of detection of 0.35 mg L -1 and a limit of quantification of 1.2 mg L -1 . It was successfully applied in the determination of azithromycin in three commercial pharmaceutical formulations of azithromycin and no matrix interferences were observed.

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Bacterial etiology of acute otitis media and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin–clavulanate versus azithromycin

Cited by 33 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluation of short-term clinical efficacy of 3-day therapy with azithromycin in comparison with 5-day cefcapene-pivoxyl for acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in primary care

Evaluation of short-term clinical efficacy of 3-day therapy with azithromycin in comparison with 5-day cefcapene-pivoxyl for acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in primary care

Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

Novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations based on its charge transfer reaction with quinalizarin

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