Bacterial degradation of microcystin toxins in drinking water eliminates their toxicity

Microcystin-LR biodegradation by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

“…[11], Sphingomonas sp. [8,15,20,21,29], and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [22] for the MCs biodegradation were successfully isolated from the surface water or sediment of HCB lakes. Sphingomonas sp.…”

“…MCs are a group of monocyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by species of cyanobacteria including Microcystis, Anabaena, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria [7,8]. More than 60 different analogues of MCs have been isolated from natural blooms or laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria [9] in which the most common and toxic analog is microcystin-LR (MC-LR) [10][11][12][13].…”

“…[11], Sphingomonas sp. [8,15,20,21], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [23] Burkholderia sp. [22],and Paucibacter toxinivorans [26], isolated from Australia reservoirs, Japan lakes, a Brazilian coastal lagoon, and Finland lakes were found to have the capabilities of biodegrading MCs, respectively.…”

“…[22],and Paucibacter toxinivorans [26], isolated from Australia reservoirs, Japan lakes, a Brazilian coastal lagoon, and Finland lakes were found to have the capabilities of biodegrading MCs, respectively. Most of the strains reported belong to genus Sphingomonas, such as ACM-3962 [7], Y2 [8], LH21 [8], B-9 [15], 7CY [20], and CBA4 [21]. Sphingomonas sp.…”

“…Sphingomonas sp. Y2 was reported to have the highest degradation rate of 5.4 mg$L -1 per day for MC-LR [8,22,24]. On the other hand, Holst et al [27] and Chen et al [28] investigated the potential for anoxic biodegradation of microcystin and the effects of environmental factors on the process through a series of wellcontrolled microcosm experiments.…”