Bacterial and Fungal Co-Infections among ICU COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in a Palestinian Hospital: Incidence and Antimicrobial Stewardship

Abstract

Diagnosis of co-infections with multiple pathogens among hospitalized COVID-19 patients can be jointly challenging and very essential for appropriate treatment, shortening hospital stay and preventing antimicrobial resistance. This study proposes to investigate the burden of bacterial and fungal co-infections outcomes on COVID-19 patients. It is a single centre cross-sectional study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Beit-Jala hospital in Palestine. The study included 321 hospitalized patients admitted to the ICU between June 2020 and March 2021 aged ≥20 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 via RT-PCR conducted on a nasopharyngeal swab. The patient's information was gathered using graded data forms from electronic medical reports. The diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infection was proved through the patient`s clinical presentation and positive blood or sputum culture results. All cases had received empirical antimicrobial therapy before the ICU admission, and different regimens during the ICU stay. The rate of bacterial co-infection was 51.1%, mainly from gram-negative isolates (Enterobacter species and K.pneumoniae). The rate of fungal co-infection caused by A.fumigatus was 48.9%, and the mortality rate was 8.1%. However, it is unclear if it had been attributed to SARS-CoV-2 or coincidental.

Probiotic-Based Bacteriocin: Immunity Supplementation Against Viruses. An Updated Review

“…In particular, when probiotics, the “cultured” (living) microorganisms beneficial to the host, are ingested in adequate amounts ( Quilodrán-Vega et al, 2020 ; El-Saadony et al, 2021 ) as a compliment or element inherent in food, they principally improve the GM composition ( Minj et al, 2021 ), treat dysbiosis, and prevent viral diseases ( Hill et al, 2014 ). Notably, bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by significant bacterial cell lines ( Khalil et al, 2022 ; Le Morvan De Sequeira et al, 2022 ; Naseef et al, 2022 ). Additionally, these bacteriocins modulate the systemic immune and mucosal systems of humans and animals, protecting them from several viral infections ( Alvarez-Vieites et al, 2020 ).…”