Bacteria inactivation by sulfate radical: progress and non-negligible disinfection by-products

Abstract

Sulfate radicals have been increasingly used for the pathogen inactivation due to their strong redox ability and high selectivity for electron-rich species in the last decade. The application of sulfate radicals in water disinfection has become a very promising technology. However, there is currently a lack of reviews of sulfate radicals inactivated pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, less attention has been paid to disinfection by-products produced by the use of sulfate radicals to inactivate microorganisms. This paper begins with a brief overview of sulfate radicals’ properties. Then, the progress in water disinfection by sulfate radicals is summarized. The mechanism and inactivation kinetics of inactivating microorganisms are briefly described. After that, the disinfection by-products produced by reactions of sulfate radicals with chlorine, bromine, iodide ions and organic halogens in water are also discussed. In response to these possible challenges, this article concludes with some specific solutions and future research directions.

Alternative and Classical Processes for Disinfection of Water Polluted by Fungi: A Systematic Review

“…[23] Focus only on sulfate radical-based processes and bacteria more than fungi. [22] Treatment of mold spores in the food industry. [24] Systematic review of the different classical and alternative processes, and kinetic aspects of water disinfection and antifungal resistance; in addition to a bibliometric analysis on fungi inactivation.…”

“…However, details about the inactivation kinetics of fungi and bibliometric analyses of the inactivation of fungi in water are still lacking (Table 1). Moreover, in the previous reviews about water disinfection [20][21][22], no information was found on the susceptibility response of fungi to antifungals and anti-fungal resistance mechanisms. Therefore, this work offers a revision of classical and advanced disinfection methods to kill pathogenic fungi.…”

Quantitative Detection of VBNC State Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contributing to Accurate Assessment of Microbial Inactivation in Drinking Water Disinfection

“…In the majority of studies, the pretreatment of bacteria with the dye propidium monoazide (PMA), wherein PMA can penetrate damaged cell membranes that hinder DNA amplification [10], was used for the detection of viable cells using qPCR. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that not all dead cells necessarily experience membrane damage; some may die due to internal DNA damage [12][13][14]. Recent research suggests that longer gene segments are more susceptible to damage, potentially increasing the likelihood of PCR amplification termination [4].…”

Evaluating the Impact of Cl2•– Generation on Antibiotic-Resistance Contamination Removal via UV/Peroxydisulfate

“…Among the various methods available, sulfate anion radical (SO 4 •– )-based AOPs have garnered considerable attention. These methods rely on activating precursors, such as peroxydisulfate (PDS, S 2 O 8 2– ) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS, HSO 5 – ), resulting in SO 4 •– generation . SO 4 •– demonstrates crucial advantages, including its long lifetime (10–40 μs), high redox potential ( E 0 = 2.5–3.1 V vs NHE), broad applicability spanning various pH ranges, and adaptability to utilize various methods for activating precursor chemicals. , Hence, AOPs based on SO 4 •– are regarded as versatile and robust approaches for efficiently eradicating ARB and ARGs, as evidenced by numerous scientific reports. − …”