Bacteria associated with the nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae and the pathogenicity of this complex for Galleria mellonella larvae

Lysenko, О.; Weiser, Jaroslav

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(74)90140-2

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…However, since Stenotrophomonas species have well-documented natural antibiotic resistance (61,62), it is perhaps unsurprising to observe them flourishing in Photorhabdusinhabited cadavers. Indeed, Stenotrophomonas isolates (or related Xanthomonas isolates) have been sporadically observed in association with the EPN system in the past (18,26,27,34,36). They are also known associates of some insects (35,(63)(64)(65)(66)(67), although they were not abundant in uninfected G. mellonella in our study, either at death or during subsequent cadaver decomposition (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…S5A in the supplemental material). However, in both samples, a major peak eluted from the C 18 column at approximately 25 to 30 min. When analyzed by mass spectrometry, the most abundant species was approximately m/z 255.13.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Many early studies noted the presence of non-Photorhabdus or non-Xenorhabdus bacteria within cadavers, at least at low levels (16)(17)(18)(19), and even attributed the occasional lack of nematode development to such toxic contaminants (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). More recently, culture-dependent studies have isolated various non-Photorhabdus or non-Xenorhabdus bacteria from cadavers infected with different EPN species (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Wollenberg

Jagdish

Slough

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes and their Photorhabdus symbionts. We found that, although Photorhabdus strains did initially displace an Enterococcus-dominated community present in uninfected G. mellonella insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection, Photorhabdus shared the cadaver with Stenotrophomonas species. Consistent with this result, Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to Photorhabdus-mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a Photorhabdus-produced antibiotic from G. mellonella cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased G. mellonella-associated Enterococcus growth, but not Stenotrophomonas growth, in vitro. Finally, we showed that the Stenotrophomonas strains described here negatively affected Photorhabdus growth in vitro. Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus-parasitized insect cadaver. IMPORTANCEUnderstanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic in vitro microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Wollenberg

Jagdish

Slough

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Autoradiography of chromatographed Previous investigations have indicated that members of cell extracts showed that the levels of ppGpp in the genus Xenorhabdus are physiologically and biosusceptible bacteria treated with the antibiotic increased chemically well equipped for their unique environmental substantially when compared to untreated bacteria (Fig. niche as symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes 7). This effect was apparent when bacteria were treated (Khan & Brooks, 1977;Lysenko & Weiser, 1974; with MICs of the antibiotic (Fig. 7, lanes 2 and 5).…”

Section: Inhibition Of the Synthesis Of R N A And Proteinmentioning

confidence: 86%

Antimicrobial activity and biosynthesis of indole antibiotics produced by Xenorhabdus nematophilus

Sundar

Chang

1993

Journal of General Microbiology

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~We have investigated the mechanism of action and physiology of production of the indole derivative antibiotics produced by the nematode-associated, entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nernatophilus. Maximum antibiotic concentration was reached during the late stationary phase of growth, and the antibiotic yield was appreciably enhanced by supplementation with tryptophan. Antibiotic biosynthesis apparently involved the removal of the side-chain carboxyl (C-1) carbon of tryptophan. The C-3 methylene carbon of tryptophan, on the other hand, was retained. The purified indole antibiotic was effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at low to moderate concentrations causing a severe inhibition of RNA synthesis, accompanied by a less severe effect on protein synthesis. An isogenic pair of Eschevichia coli strains differing at the velA locus was used to demonstrate that the swift reduction in total RNA synthesis is related to an antibiotic-induced accumulation of the regulatory nucleotide, ppGpp, in susceptible bacteria. The E. coli veZA mutant, which does not exhibit any discernible increase in ppGpp upon antibiotic treatment, showed no decrease in growth or RNA synthesis. Using this antibiotic, it was also observed that ppGpp may be employed as a metabolic regulator in bacteria such as Pseudomonasputida, which have not previously been reported to employ ppGpp as a regulatory molecule. We propose that the indole derivative antibiotic exerts growth inhibitory control in susceptible bacteria by greatly enhancing synthesis of ppGpp, resulting in a rapid inhibition of RNA synthesis.

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“…In 1974, an Alcaligenes strain was isolated from a nematode (20); until now, the nematicidal activity of this Alcaligenes strain had not been reported. In this study, A. faecalis ZD02 isolated from C. elegans cadavers was found to have nematicidal activity against C. elegans and Meloidogyne incognita.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02, a Novel Nematicidal Bacterium with an Extracellular Serine Protease Virulence Factor

Lin

Zheng

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Root knot nematodes (RKNs) are the world's most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), and they can infect almost all crops. At present, harmful chemical nematicides are applied to control RKNs. Using microbial nematicides has been proposed as a better management strategy than chemical control. In this study, we describe a novel nematicidal bacterium named Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02. A. faecalis ZD02 was isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans cadavers and has nematostatic and nematicidal activity, as confirmed by C. elegans growth assay and life span assay. In addition, A. faecalis ZD02 fermentation broth showed toxicity against C. elegans and Meloidogyne incognita. To identify the nematicidal virulence factor, the genome of strain ZD02 was sequenced. By comparing all of the predicted proteins of strain ZD02 to reported nematicidal virulence factors, we determined that an extracellular serine protease (Esp) has potential to be a nematicidal virulence factor, which was confirmed by bioassay on C. elegans and M. incognita. Using C. elegans as the target model, we found that both A. faecalis ZD02 and the virulence factor Esp can damage the intestines of C. elegans. The discovery that A. faecalis ZD02 has nematicidal activity provides a novel bacterial resource for the control of RKNs. P lant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are an important agricultural pest of many crops, and they cause agricultural losses amounting to an estimated $157 billion worldwide every year (1, 2). Root knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are the most damaging crop PPNs, and they are capable of infecting almost all crops (2, 3). The management of RKNs is more difficult than that of other pests because RKNs are obligate root parasites of thousands of plant species, and most of the life cycle of RKNs is spent as parasites in the host roots (2, 4). The current means of controlling RKNs relies on chemical nematicides, which are often toxic and harmful to humans and the environment (3). In addition, chemical nematicides are generally expensive and cannot provide longterm RKN suppression (5).Biological control of RKNs is a better management strategy that avoids the potential environmental problems associated with the chemical control of RKNs. Indeed, the utilization of beneficial bacterial nematicides has been proposed as a sustainable alternative for RKN management, and bacterial nematicides are also regarded as economical and ecologically friendly nematicides for the control of RKNs (3, 6). Currently, for the bacterial control of RKNs, many problems remain, one of which is that nematicidal bacteria are relatively scarce. Only a few bacteria have been reported to possess nematicidal activity and to show potential for the biological control of RKNs. The typical nematicidal bacteria are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Pasteuria species (4, 7). Identifying novel nematicidal bacteria has become urgent for the bacterial control of RKNs and is of vital practical and economic significance.However, until now, it has been a challenge to isolate novel nematici...

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Bacteria associated with the nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae and the pathogenicity of this complex for Galleria mellonella larvae

Cited by 44 publications

References 10 publications

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Antimicrobial activity and biosynthesis of indole antibiotics produced by Xenorhabdus nematophilus

Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02, a Novel Nematicidal Bacterium with an Extracellular Serine Protease Virulence Factor

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