“…Several mechanisms had been proposed. These included iatrogenic contamination [8,18,19], changes of the gastrointestinal barrier secondary to TAE facilitating bacteria translocation [9], seeding from contaminated bile in the situations of bile duct ischaemia, inflammation or injury [8,13,20], and decreased host resistance and immunity after TAE [9]. Enteric bacteria were generally considered as the main source of causative bacteria in post-TAE abscesses [8,11,17].…”