Back-up report for the proposed standard for the flammability of general wearing apparel

Braun, Emil; Cobble, V B; Helzer, S G.; Krasny, John F.; Peacock, Richard D.; Stratton, A.

doi:10.6028/nbs.ir.76-1072

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…(2.22-cm) methane flame for 3 s from a No. 18 gauge hypodermic needle as specified in the MAFT [1] apparatus. 01 was determined in the usual manner [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horizontal Burning Rates of Fabrics with Low Add-Ons of Fire Retardant

Reeves

Hammons

1980

Textile Research Journal

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Plain-weave, scoured, and bleached cotton (103 g/m 2 ) and polyester/cotton (92 g/m 2 ) fabrics were treated with two durable, fire-retardant, durable-press finishes. The retardants were based on Fyrol 76® (contained phosphorus) and Caliban® F/R P®-44 (contained bromine). Oxygen index (OI) and horizontal burning rates at atmospheric oxygen concentration were studied with emphasis on fabrics with low add-ons of the retardants.OI values increased as add-ons increased; however, the OI values were increased about twice as much by 2% add-on at low levels of add-on as with 2% at high levels of add-on. Rate of burning of both type fabrics was greatly affected by very low add-ons of the retardant. The burning rate of cotton with about 1 to 3% add-on was increased as much as 58%; that of the polyester/cotton was increased 24%. The increased burning rate is apparently related to theamount of cotton in the fabric. Polyester/cotton (PE/C) fabric required substantially less retardant than cotton to become self-extinguishing in the horizontal position.

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“…(2.22-cm) methane flame for 3 s from a No. 18 gauge hypodermic needle as specified in the MAFT [1] apparatus. 01 was determined in the usual manner [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cabinet. The cabinet was assembled in accord- [1]. Fabric specimens were burned in the horizontal position and in normal atmospheric conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal Burning Rates of Fabrics with Low Add-Ons of Fire Retardant

Reeves

Hammons

1980

Textile Research Journal

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“…In addition, the flammability of the fabric was related to garment size, coverage, and design criteria as is most appropriate. These were submitted to CPSC for consideration [17]. However, the project was discontinued by CPSC at this point and never revived.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clothing-Related Burn Casualties: An Overlooked Problem?

Hoebel

Damant²,

Spivak

et al. 2009

Fire Technol

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Between 1997 and2006, more than 4,300 serious burn injuries per year in the United States were associated with clothing. Ages 5-14 had the highest average annual burn injury rate, and ages 25-64 had the lowest rate. There were 120 deaths per year in the United States associated with clothing burns between 1999 and 2004. The death rate for those over 65 was six times the national average. The General Wearing Apparel Standard has regulated the flammability of clothing worn in the United States since 1953. Nearly all of the clothing-related injuries and deaths have occurred in fires involving apparel that complied with this Standard. Despite the size of this problem, there is no organized national activity under way to begin to address these casualties. Experience with the Children's Sleepwear Flammability Standards, issued in the 1970s, suggests that safer garments can be manufactured that would prevent many clothing burn injuries and deaths. A more stringent up-to-date flammability standard, production of safer garments, use of warning labels, and educated consumers are needed.

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“…7, the greater air supply can increase the rate of flame spread. Krasny and co-workersl79 18 have shown that a loosely fitting configuration which covers more than half of the body results in more serious burns because of the absence of fire stops.…”

Section: The Classification and Labelling Of Children's Nightwearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards for the fire hazard of clothing: The Australian experience

Gordon

1978

Fire and Materials

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The Australian Children's Nightwear Standards have been accepted as the basis of legislation in all States of Australia and by the Commonwealth Government. The standards are based on the philosophy that garment design as well as combustion characteristics of the material is an important consideration in assessing the fire hazard of nightwear. Using this approach a classification system has been devised which places children's nightwear into three categories of potential fire hazard. If a garment cannot be classified then it cannot be legally sold in Australia.The combustion characteristics tested are ease of ignition, rate of flame propagation and surface burn properties. For classification all materials used for children's nightwear must pass the latter test. The design of the standard test methods, criteria for classification and the concepts of safe design were developed by collecting data from burns accidents and burnt clothing from accident victims from the burns research unit of a large children's hospital and by the study of the burning behaviour of clothing on a manikin. The combustion criteria are not so stringent as to require the use of inherently flame resist materials or the use of flame retardant finishes. This approach in combination with the safe design criteria enable commercially available textiles to meet the legislative requirements for children's nightwear. This means that the nightwear standards are inexpensive to attain and do not require a sophisticated textile technology. A consumer labelling system has been designed to describe the three categories but as yet there is no evidence to suggest that this has had any effect in reducing the number of burns accidentsconsumers apparently regarding safe nightwear as a low priority. An inconsistent aspect of the classification system is the incorporation into the standards in 1977 of criteria to prevent the classification of cotton flannelette nightdresses and the incorporation of arbitrary requirements for other nightdresses containing cotton. These inconsistencies have been caused fundamentally by a problem which continues to bedevil the writing of good standards in Australia-that is, the lack of nationwide statistics on bums accidents.

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Back-up report for the proposed standard for the flammability of general wearing apparel

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Horizontal Burning Rates of Fabrics with Low Add-Ons of Fire Retardant

Horizontal Burning Rates of Fabrics with Low Add-Ons of Fire Retardant

Clothing-Related Burn Casualties: An Overlooked Problem?

Standards for the fire hazard of clothing: The Australian experience

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