Back-calculating the age-specific incidence of recurrent subclinicalHaemophilus influenzae type b infection

Auranen, Kari

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<281::aid-sim344>3.0.co;2-d

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Alternative approaches to estimating the incidence of carriage could be considered. For example, Auranen estimated the incidence of subclinical Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection using back-calculation techniques applied to serological data [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The natural history of meningococcal carriage and disease

2005

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SUMMARYThe prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriage is highest in teenagers and lowest in young children. In contrast, invasive meningococcal disease is most common in young children with a smaller secondary peak in teenagers. Data on carriage and disease were analysed to quantify the risks of infection and disease by age and serogroup. The forces of infection for serogroups B, C, other meningococci and Neisseria lactamica were modelled together with the risk of disease given infection for serogroups B and C, using maximum likelihood to fit the models to the available data. The risk of meningococcal disease given infection declines steeply through childhood and is higher for serogroup C than for serogroup B. The secondary peak in disease in teenagers appears to be explained mostly by increased transmission although there is a suggestion that other factors may also contribute. These analyses provide important insights and may be used to guide further data collection and modelling studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The natural history of meningococcal carriage and disease

2005

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“…However, in an analysis of another respiratory colonizer and pathogen, Haemophilus influenzae type b, such maternally derived immunity did not alone account for the low incidence of carriage among young Finnish infants. 27 Another possible mechanism could be sociologic. Because of general maternity leave in Finland, nearly all mothers (ϳ95%) stay at home for the first 9 months after the infant's birth, which could effectively shelter the infant from multiple close contacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumococcal carriage in children during their first two years: important role of family exposure

Leino

Auranen

Jokinen

et al. 2001

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Young infants (< or =6 months old) were largely protected from pneumococcal carriage. After this age family transmission seemed very important despite the small family size. Contrary to some earlier studies communal day care was not associated with an increased risk of Pnc carriage. This could be partly because of the long parental leave in Finland and thus the late age of starting organized day care.

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“…We use a statistical model that treats the occurrence of invasive disease as a marker of susceptibility and thereby links disease to the frequency of immunizing encounters. Previously we have modelled data on invasive Hib disease in Finland [30]. In the present study, we extend the analysis to compare two different populations before the implementation of Hib vaccination : Finland with relatively late occurrence of the disease and the UK where invasive disease was typically seen earlier in life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Haemophilus influenzae type b and cross-reactive antigens in natural Hib infection dynamics; modelling in two populations

et al. 2002

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Natural immunity to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease is based on antibodies arising in response to encounters with Hib or cross-reactive (CR) bacteria. The relative importance of Hib and CR contacts is unknown. We applied a statistical model to estimate the total rate of immunizing infections of Hib and CR prior to wide-scale vaccinations in Finland and the UK. The average rates of these contacts were 0.7 and 1.2 per year per child in Finland and the UK, respectively. Using a rough estimate of 0.1 Hib acquisitions per year per child in the UK based on carriage rates, the proportion of Hib among all immunizing contacts was in the order of 10%, suggesting that CR bacteria have a major role. In general, varying frequency of CR contacts may explain some differences in the pre-vaccination incidence and age-distribution of invasive disease in different countries.

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Back-calculating the age-specific incidence of recurrent subclinicalHaemophilus influenzae type b infection

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

The natural history of meningococcal carriage and disease

The natural history of meningococcal carriage and disease

Pneumococcal carriage in children during their first two years: important role of family exposure

Haemophilus influenzae type b and cross-reactive antigens in natural Hib infection dynamics; modelling in two populations

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