Bacillus subtilis CFR5 isolated from fermented soybean attenuates the chronic pancreatitis

Interactions between gut microbiota and berberine, a necessary procedure to understand the mechanisms of berberine

“…The intestinal barrier comprises four distinct functional layers: 1) epithelial cells, which serve as a ‘functional barrier’ by releasing alkaline phosphatase to detoxify bacterial endotoxins (LPS), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns; 2) the mucus layer, which acts as a ‘physical barrier’ to prevent direct contact between gut microbiota and intestinal epithelia; 3) tight junctions between epithelial cells, which prevent the transport of LPS and other compounds derived from gut microbiota; and 4) specialized functional cells, such as Paneth cells, which secrete antimicrobial compounds [ [169] , [170] , [171] , [172] ]. The functions of the intestinal barrier are directly correlated with a number of diseases, including metabolic diseases [ 173 ], schizophrenia [ 174 ], autism [ 174 ], irritable bowel syndrome [ 175 ], inflammatory bowel disease [ 176 ], coronary heart disease [ 177 ], chronic kidney disease [ 178 ], chronic pancreatitis [ 179 ], and various cancers [ 180 ]. In view of the significance of the intestinal barrier in the homeostasis of our body function, some scholars have conducted research on how to alleviate damage to the intestinal barrier.…”