Bacillus spp. Probiotic Strains as a Potential Tool for Limiting the Use of Antibiotics, and Improving the Growth and Health of Pigs and Chickens

Abstract

The pressure to increasingly optimize the breeding of livestock monogastric animals resulted in antimicrobials often being misused in an attempt to improve growth performance and counteract diseases in these animals, leading to an increase in the problem of antibiotic resistance. To tackle this problem, the use of probiotics, also known as direct in-feed microbials (DFM), seems to be one of the most promising strategies. Among probiotics, the interest in Bacillus strains has been intensively increased in recent decades in pigs and poultry. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus strains as probiotics and as a potential strategy for reducing the misuse of antibiotics in monogastric animals. Thus, the potential modes of action, and the effects on the performance and health of pigs (weaning pigs, lactation and gestation sows) and broilers are discussed. These searches yielded 131 articles (published before January 2021). The present review showed that Bacillus strains could favor growth in terms of the average daily gain (ADG) of post-weaning piglets and broilers, and reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs by 30% and mortality in broilers by 6–8%. The benefits of Bacillus strains on these parameters showed results comparable to the benefit obtained by the use of antibiotics. Furthermore, the use of Bacillus strains gives promising results in enhancing the local adaptative immune response and in reducing the oxidative stress of broilers. Fewer data were available regarding the effect on sows. Discordant effects have been reported regarding the effect on body weight (BW) and feed intake while a number of studies have supported the hypothesis that feeding probiotics to sows could benefit their reproductive performance, namely the BW and ADG of the litters. Taken all the above-mentioned facts together, this review confirmed the effectiveness of Bacillus strains as probiotics in young pigs and broilers, favoring their health and contributing to a reduction in the misuse of direct in-feed antibiotics. The continuous development and research regarding probiotics will support a decrease in the misuse of antibiotics in livestock production in order to endorse a more sustainable rearing system in the near future.

Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis on Gut Barrier Function, Proinflammatory Response, ROS Production and Pathogen Inhibition Properties in IPEC-J2—Escherichia coli/Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Culture

“…In food-producing animals, growth promotion was reached for decades with the prophylactic use of antibiotics [ 1 ]. However, the misuse of antimicrobials, leading to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, residues in human food, and environmental pollution, has raised serious concerns worldwide [ 2 , 3 ]. The One Health concept offers a comprehensive approach to tackle this problem [ 4 ].…”

“…Among enzymes, phytochemicals, organic acids, antimicrobial peptides, anti-bacterial virulence drugs, minerals, bacteriophages, and probiotics (defined as “ live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host ”) are attractive non-invasive candidates [ 7 , 8 ]. Several studies emphasize that probiotics may be the most promising choice among alternative feed additives, and their beneficial effects in several animal species have indeed been demonstrated recently [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Probiotic action is complex; among the beneficial effects exerted by probiotics are stimulation of heat shock proteins, induction of cytokine production, antioxidant properties, enhancement of barrier function, and inhibition of pathogen adhesion and proliferation [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

“…Bacillus spp. form biofilms; survive and germinate in the gut; and have several modes of action, which can affect the health of the gastrointestinal tract, stimulate the immune system, contribute to feed efficiency, have a direct effect on pathogens, and support the colonization of beneficial bacteria—these are the most important ones [ 2 , 28 ]. Among various Bacillus spp.…”

“…The production of enterotoxins and the possible transfer of antibiotic resistance genes might further contribute to their limited use. [ 2 ]…”

“…In vivo studies showed that Bacillus strains were successful in reducing diarrhea in post-weaning pigs [ 2 , 31 , 32 ], and immune responses were enhanced upon pathogen (enterotoxigenic E. coli K88) challenge in weaned pigs [ 3 ]. Supplementation of Bacillus strains also had beneficial effects on productive parameters such as growth performance and feed efficiency [ 2 , 3 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”