Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis on Gut Barrier Function, Proinflammatory Response, ROS Production and Pathogen Inhibition Properties in IPEC-J2—Escherichia coli/Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Culture

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance raises serious concerns worldwide. Probiotics offer a promising alternative to enhance growth promotion in farm animals; however, their mode of action still needs to be elucidated. The IPEC-J2 cell line (porcine intestinal epithelial cells) is an appropriate tool to study the effect of probiotics on intestinal epithelial cells. In our experiments, IPEC-J2 cells were challenged by two gastrointestinal (GI) infection causing agents, Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). We focused on determining the effect of pre-, co-, and post-treatment with two probiotic candidates, Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis, on the barrier function, proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) response, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of IPEC-J2 cells, in addition to the adhesion inhibition effect. Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) proved to be anti-inflammatory and had an antioxidant effect under certain treatment combinations, and further effectively inhibited the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria. Interestingly, they had little effect on paracellular permeability. Based on our results, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are both promising candidates to contribute to the beneficial effects of probiotic multispecies mixtures.

The P4’ Peptide-Carrying Bacillus subtilis in Cottonseed Meal Improves the Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Innate Immunity, Redox Defense, and Growth Performance

“…Previous studies have shown that B. subtilis can directly enhance the immunity of animals by increasing serum immunoglobulin levels [ 69 ] and the expression of immune-related genes [ 70 ]. Meanwhile, B. subtilis also indirectly enhances the immunocompetence by maintaining the intestinal epithelial integrity, downregulating the secretion of inflammatory factors, inhibiting pathogenic bacterial adhesion, and stimulating the growth of immune cells [ 71 , 72 ]. In terms of B. subtilis species, the RBS group obtained remarkably high activities of LZM, ACP, and AKP as well as a high transcription of propo , but low transcriptions of of tlrs, litaf , and relish compared with the unmodified one.…”

Antiviral Drug Candidate Repositioning for Streptococcus suis Infection in Non-Tumorigenic Cell Models

“…The two cell lines used in this study are also suitable for measuring oxidative stress levels since they are both exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under physiological conditions. Issues arise when the ROS exceeds antioxidant capacity, called oxidative stress, and processes such as lipid peroxidation or protein damage occur, ultimately leading to cell death [48,49]. The IPEC-J2 experiment revealed a significant elevation in H 2 O 2 levels when S. suis was used alone and when bacterial exposure was combined with MI-471.…”

The synbiotic mixture of Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract aggravates dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in rats

“…Adding Bacillus licheniformis to diet amplified mRNA expression of NF-κB in the jejunum of broilers and in turn activation of their signaling cascade leading to initiation of cellular responses of innate immune cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines [82]. Porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) treated with Bacillus licheniformis showed increased production of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-8, significantly more than the control group, while Bacillus subtilis increased IL-6 secretion [83]. This indicate that normal microbiota might increase proinflammatory cytokines similar to pathogen induced response as detected in other studies [84].…”