Babassu almonds oil extracted with alternative pressurized green solvents, its triacylglycerol prediction and β‐sitosterol composition

Abstract

The behavior of two process variables in the oil extraction from babassu almonds (percentage of solvent volume [SV], and the contact time between solvent and the matrix in each batch [St]) was evaluated. In the statistical evaluation, SV was a significant variable in the process that used ethanol as solvent. Conversely, when the solvent was isopropanol, the significant variable was St. The response surface analysis (RSA) indicated that high St, regardless of the solvent amount, results in high yields. The highest yields were 55.34% when isopropanol was the solvent and 53.12% for ethanol. These values represent 92.4 and 88.7% of the oil content in the seeds, respectively. The fatty acid profile, rich in lauric, myristic, oleic, and palmitic acids, was the same regardless of the solvent and operational conditions used. The extract obtained using pressurized isopropanol presented the highest concentration of β-sitosterol when 3 min was used as St with 66% of SV. When pressurized ethanol was the solvent, the highest concentration of β-sitosterol was obtained at 2 min of St and 80% of SV. As a function of fatty acid composition, the main triacylglycerols present in babassu oil were COL, LOL, LOM, LOP, and MOP regardless of solvent. Practical applicationsBabassu almond is rich in potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, and zinc, which are elemental minerals for human health. Being considered oleaginous, it is equally of great importance for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.Babassu oil is rich in phytosterols (among them β-sitosterol) and it is rich in essential fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, oleic, and palmitic acids, which have clinical effects in the treatment of skin ulcers and burns.

Babassu kernel oil: Enhanced extraction and chemical characterization

“…In addition, the antioxidant action of these compounds helps in the oxidative stability of the oil, prolonging its shelf life (Chen et al, 2016). In addition to the phytosterols determined in this study, Bezerra and Antoniosi Filho (2014) found stigmasterol and brassicasterol in babassu oil, while Oliveira, Garcia, et al (2019) determined only β‐Sitosterol in the oil composition. Oliveira, Garcia, et al (2019), Oliveira, Mazzali, et al (2019), and Bezerra and Antoniosi Filho (2014) reported levels of β‐Sitosterol present in the BKO of 10.22–25.94, 12.01–27.43 and 38 mg 100 g −1 , respectively.…”

“…In addition to the phytosterols determined in this study, Bezerra and Antoniosi Filho (2014) found stigmasterol and brassicasterol in babassu oil, while Oliveira, Garcia, et al (2019) determined only β-Sitosterol in the oil composition. Oliveira, Garcia, et al (2019), Oliveira, Mazzali, et al (2019), andBezerra andAntoniosi Filho (2014) reported levels et al, 2016). Therefore, low content of FFA present in the oil is desirable, since they exert pro-oxidant activity (Waraho et al, 2011).…”

“…Kernel from babassu coconut consists of ~60 wt% of the oil (Costa et al, 2020; Ferrari & Soler, 2015; Santos et al, 2013), which has a translucent appearance and a high content of fatty acids such as lauric and myristic acids (Bauer et al, 2020; Ferrari & Soler, 2015; Oliveira, Garcia, et al, 2019). Due to the predominance of saturated chain fatty acids, babassu kernel oil (BKO) has high oxidative stability (Bauer et al, 2020; Freire et al, 2012; Melo et al, 2014, 2019) and antioxidant capacities due to the presence of phytosterols, such as β‐Sitosterol (Oliveira, Mazzali, et al, 2019) and campesterol (Bezerra & Antoniosi Filho, 2014; Lima & Block, 2019).…”

“…The literature reports the extraction of babassu kernel oil (BKO) using a Soxhlet extractor with n ‐hexane (Costa et al, 2020; Ramirez‐Niño et al, 2018; Santos et al, 2013), cold pressing (Costa et al, 2020; Souza et al, 2021), supercritical CO 2 extraction (Oliveira, Mazzali, et al, 2019), and pressurized liquid extraction com ethanol e isopropanol (Oliveira, Garcia, et al, 2019). Studies related to obtaining this oil by UAE using n ‐hexane as a solvent and the determination of the experimental conditions to obtain the BKO before this strategy are scarce, however, it is considered relevant to obtain these data considering the advantages of the extraction technique and the solvent and constitutes the main contribution of this study in the area.…”

Potencial Do Nabo Forrageiro Para Biodiesel: Extração Do Óleo E Produção De Ésteres

“…Trentini et al (2017) estudaram a extração pressurizada do óleo da polpa de macaúba e relataram que o melhor rendimento obtido para o método ELP representou ~76,7% e ~77,6% do método de Soxhlet para o etanol e o isopropanol, respectivamente, em menor tempo de extração (62 min). Oliveira et al (2019) investigaram a ELP do óleo de amêndoas de babaçu utilizando solventes verdes. Esta técnica removeu 92,4% e 88,7% em relação ao rendimento em óleo obtido por Soxhlet quando foi utilizado o isopropanol e etanol como solventes, respectivamente.…”