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Abstract

This paper provides a detailed review of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical applications of ultrasound to understand blood coagulation. The paper focuses on the effect of blood rheology on clotting mechanisms, especially on the use of ultrasound to detect the viscoelastic properties of blood clots. After a short introduction, the paper describes how quantitative ultrasound parameters can be used to study the process of blood coagulation. Ultrasound parameters can be used for tissue characterization, and so the process of blood coagulation can be monitored continuously by measuring the ultrasound backscatter, attenuation coefficient, and velocity. Furthermore, several ultrasound elastography methods including quasi-static strain imaging, shear wave, and acoustic-radiation-force imaging are introduced for measuring the viscoelastic properties of blood clots. The advantages and drawbacks of these ultrasound-based approaches for detecting blood coagulation are discussed. Finally, new areas of research, the clinical application of ultrasound, and areas of potential future developments are presented.

Estimating the viscoelastic modulus of a thrombus using an ultrasonic shear‐wave approach

“…Besides the conventional rheological methods, numerous real-time and noninvasiveness ultrasonic modalities based on measuring the acoustic properties of a clot have been proposed over the past two decades. 4 For instance, some ultrasonic modalities characterize blood clots in a static situation based on measurements of the ultrasound backscatter, 5,6 velocity, and attenuation of ultrasound from clots. 7 Furthermore, the dynamic process of thrombus formation has been assessed by using Doppler ultrasound 8 and analyzing the backscatter signals 9 and their statistical behavior.…”

Early thrombus detection in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit by noninvasive real-time ultrasonic sensors

“…Shung et al used ultrasonic backscattering to determine the onset of blood coagulation 11 . Other approaches for measuring blood coagulation, including ultrasonics, have been reviewed 18 – 20 .…”

Technology Advancements in Blood Coagulation Measurements for Point-of-Care Diagnostic Testing

“…In this regard, understanding working principle and mechanism of these techniques facilitates researchers in identifying proper setup for laboratory or clinical applications, current gaps, and designing future devices. Among these technologies, photoacoustic/ultrasound measurements (Huang et al, 2005a;Huang C.-C. et al, 2011;Scola et al, 2011;Das and Pramanik, 2019) and microfluidic platforms have been used for in/ex vivo tests which are very promising for translational medicine when actual monitoring of the drug/anticoagulant effects or detection of circulating blood clots (CBCs) is desired (Karpiouk et al, 2008;Jain et al, 2016a). Table 1 lists different technologies including optical, electro-mechanical, photoacoustic, and electrical impedance spectroscopy for blood coagulation measurement, physical parameters, and their use in coagulation tests.…”