B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development

Abstract

Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.

Serological Conversion through a Second Exposure to Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Expressing the JC Epitope on the Viral Surface

“…A considerable amount of research has been conducted to develop B- and T-cell epitope-based vaccines that protect against diseases mediated by RNA viruses [ 33 , 34 , 35 ], including FMD [ 36 ]. Here, we selected a universal B-cell epitope from the VP1 of the FMDV and designed a multi-epitope virus strain with the aim of increasing the number of neutralizing antibodies elicited that were effective against three different topotypes [ 37 ].…”

Cell Culture Adaptive Amino Acid Substitutions in FMDV Structural Proteins: A Key Mechanism for Altered Receptor Tropism

“…Interestingly, VP2 is responsible for antigenic variations in different serotypes of FMDV. Several studies identified conserved antigenic sites in the B-C loop (residues 70–80 located between beta-strands B and C, visible on the outer surface of virus particle) and the EF loop (residues 131–134 located between beta-strands E and F, visible on the outer surface of virus particle) of serotypes O and A, and SAT viruses ( Figure 3 ) [ 55 ]. The VP2 protein has an influence on the virus replication and virulence properties.…”