Azadirachtin, a neem biopesticide: subchronic toxicity assessment in rats

Application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in assessment of potential use of azadirachtins (TreeAzin™) against Asian longhorned beetle

“…Sample treatment optimization 10 Initially, extraction was based on a previous work dealing with azadirachtin determination in foliage and phloem by using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) 15 . However, as ASE system was not available at our laboratory, an alternative approach based on the use of a homogenizer Ultraturrax extractor was developed 15 for the simultaneous extraction of both azadirachtins.…”

“…These compounds are considered the putative active ingredients for biological activity against insect 35 pests including antifeedent, growth disruption, and reproductive effects as observed in various Lepidopteran and Dipteran pest species 1,9 . Relative to many conventional synthetic pesticides, azadirachtins have innately positive ecotoxicology and 40 environmental fate profiles, exhibiting low toxicity to mammals 10 , facile environmental degradation via photolysis, hydrolysis, and microbial degradation 7,11 and limited to no impacts on non-target organisms [12][13][14] . Under direct stem injection scenarios, as employed for control of wood boring insect pests, 45 direct exposures are limited only to those organisms feeding within the treated trees further mitigating any potential risks to either humans or the environment.…”

“…Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been shown as the most suitable technique for the wide majority of pesticides [16][17][18][19] . Usually, pesticides included in multiresidue methods are easily ionized in the atmospheric 10 pressure sources commonly used in LC-MS/MS, and the protonated [M+H] + or deprotonated molecule [M-H] -use to be the most abundant ion, eventually selected as precursor ion in MS/MS methods. However, the absence of acidic or basic centers in some pesticides, as occurs for azadirachtin and related 15 compounds, hampers their ionization, requiring the formation of appropriate adducts in order to be measured by LC-MS.…”

Using ichthyotoxic plants as bioinsecticide: A literature review

“…Although pyrethroids present various toxicity levels, it has been shown that exposure of mammals to these insecticides, in an acute or subchronic way, induced several signs of neurotoxicity, such as shivers and convulsions (Kolaczinski & Curtis, 2004;Shafer et al, 2005). Along with the health risk, these compounds found in synthetic insecticides have caused environmental impact, since they contribute to soil, water, and living beings contamination (Raizada et al, 2001;Abdollahi et al, 2004;Nakata et al, 2005).…”

Insecticidal activity of cerrado plant extracts on Rhodnius milesi Carcavallo, Rocha, Galvão & Jurberg (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), under laboratory conditions

“…Moreover, the indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has caused environmental contamination and toxicity to living organisms (Raizada et al 2001, Abdollahi et al 2004, Nakata et al 2005, indicating the need for the development of products that are not hazardous to the environment. Furthermore, the principal effects of acute or subchronic exposure to pyrethroids observed in mammals are also indicative of neurotoxicity (Soderlund et al 2002, Kolaczinski & Curtis 2004, Shafer et al 2005.…”