Axon growth-promoting properties of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells

Platelet-Rich Plasma Promotes Axon Regeneration, Wound Healing, and Pain Reduction: Fact or Fiction

“…These and other mesenchymal stem cell-released factors simultaneously act directly on axons to induce and promote their regeneration [28,221]. Finally, mesenchymal stem cells also promote enhanced axon regeneration by their release of neurotrophic factors, such as CNTF, PDGF-alpha, LIF, beta-NGF, TGF-beta1, BDNF, and β-FGF, but not NT-3 and NT-4 [272][273][274][275][276][277], and axon guidance and neural cell adhesion molecules, such as ECM components [273,278] that act directly on axons to promote their regeneration. This can be demonstrated by applying mesenchymal stem cells to the end of a transected nerve [221,279] and their addition to acellular nerves or into empty nerve conduits bridging nerve gaps [280][281][282].…”

Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with valproic acid in rats with an acute spinal cord injury

“…Pretreatment of BMSCs with VPA may enhance the therapeutic effects of BMSCs in SCI by increasing BMSC migration, which is closely related to SDF-1/ CXCR4. However, the mechanism of action of BMSCs in SCI therapy has yet to be fully elucidated (1)(2)(3). One possible mechanism is via the secretion of growth factors, like BDNF and GDNF, by BMSCs to reduce lesion volume and promote axonal regrowth of the injured spinal cord (26).…”

“…However, effective ways to treat SCI have not been available until now. One reason is because a complex series of pathophysiological changes, such as local inflammation and glutamate cytotoxicity, results in the apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocyte glial cells and the reactivation of astrocytes that in turn lead respectively to disconnection of neuronal circuits, demyelination, and glial scar formation (1).…”

“…Mounting evidence has shown that mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMSCs) can improve recovery in SCI models by regulating host immunity, secreting neurotrophic factors, and differentiating into neurons (1)(2)(3). BMSC therapy has several advantages over therapy with other types of stem cells, including greater availability, less likelihood of immune rejection, and fewer ethical issues.…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in CNS Regeneration

“…X. Jiang et al, 2005) may combine to reduce the acute inflammatory response to SCI and hence reduce cavity formation as well as decrease astrocyte and microglia/macrophage reactivity (Abrams et al, 2009;Himes et al, 2006;Neuhuber, Timothy Himes, Shumsky, Gallo, & Fischer, 2005) in injured spinal cords. The therapeutic effect of MSCs on axonal growth could be exerted by creation of a favorable environments such as cellular bridges, guiding strands and scaffolds, secretion of trophic factors, cytokines and production of extracellular matrix (Fuhrmann et al, 2010;Gu et al, 2010;Hofstetter et al, 2002;Neuhuber et al, 2004). The neuroprotective mechanism of MSCs could be multifactorial, such as modulation of immune response and provision of trophic factors (Uccelli, Benvenuto, Laroni, & Giunti, 2011).…”