Axial length elongation in primary school-age children: a 3-year cohort study in Shanghai

Li, Tao; Jiang, Bo; Zhou, Xiaodong

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029896

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Since direct comparisons of SER and AL progression between our COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 cohorts were unsuitable due to different follow-up duration, we therefore compared the results from our COVID-19 cohort with other demographically similar studies in which annual SER and AL progression were available. Our COVID-19 cohort over 8 months showed a faster SER progression (−0.50 D) during the current pandemic compared with the studies in Shanghai (−0.27 D), 17 Guangzhou (−0.31) 18 and Taipei of Taiwan (−0.42D) 19 over a 1-year follow-up (online supplemental table 10).…”

Section: Clinical Sciencementioning

confidence: 65%

Myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based prospective study

et al. 2021

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BackgroundThe impacts of social restrictions for COVID-19 on children’s vision and lifestyle remain unknown.AimsTo investigate myopia incidence, spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and lifestyle changes among schoolchildren during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsTwo separate longitudinal cohorts of children aged 6–8 years in Hong Kong were included. The COVID-19 cohort was recruited at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, whereas the pre-COVID-19 cohort was recruited before the COVID-19 pandemic. All children received ocular examinations, and answered a standardised questionnaire relating to their lifestyle, including time spent on outdoor activities and near work, both at baseline and at follow-up visits.ResultsA total of 1793 subjects were recruited, of whom 709 children comprised the COVID-19 cohort with 7.89±2.30 months of follow-up, and 1084 children comprised the pre-COVID-19 cohort with 37.54±3.12 months of follow-up. The overall incidence was 19.44% in the COVID-19 cohort, and 36.57% in pre-COVID-19 cohort. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the change in SER and axial length was –0.50±0.51 D and 0.29±0.35 mm, respectively; the time spent on outdoor activities decreased from 1.27±1.12 to 0.41±0.90 hours/day (p<0.001), while screen time increased from 2.45±2.32 to 6.89±4.42 hours/day (p<0.001).ConclusionsWe showed a potential increase in myopia incidence, significant decrease in outdoor time and increase in screen time among schoolchildren in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results serve to warn eye care professionals, and also policy makers, educators and parents, that collective efforts are needed to prevent childhood myopia—a potential public health crisis as a result of COVID-19.

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Section: Clinical Sciencementioning

confidence: 65%

Myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based prospective study

et al. 2021

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“…The mean value of five good measurements was used in the analysis. According to our previous studies [ 13 , 14 ], an auto-refractor (RK-F1; Canon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure refraction under non-cycloplegic conditions. The mean value of three good measurements was used in the analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Wan

Yao

et al. 2020

Int Ophthalmol

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Purpose To evaluate the time trend of axial length (AL) and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Methods This was a 7-year observational study of 985 four-year-old and 1059 five-year-old children in Shanghai. AL, horizontal and vertical corneal curvature, spherical equivalent (SE), and body height and weight were measured. Furthermore, a questionnaire was collected, including time outdoors and bad eyesight habits. Results In 4-year-old children, no significant difference was found in AL (P = 0.526), but significant differences were observed in SE (P = 0.001), horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.006), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.004), height (P < 0.001), and weight (P = 0.022) from 2013 to 2019. In 5-year-old children, no significant differences were found in AL (P = 0.304), SE (P = 0.200), or weight (P = 0.292), but significant differences were observed in horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.040), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.015), and height (P < 0.001) from 2013 to 2019. Multivariate analyses revealed that AL was mainly significantly associated with boys and time outdoors in the 4- and 5-year-old children. Conclusions The AL of 4- and 5-year-old children remained relatively stable in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the relationship between AL elongation and environmental risk factors.

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“…Monitoring the development of refractive error requires knowledge of ocular biometry 1–3 . Biometry has been investigated as part of large cross‐sectional cohort studies in children, 4–7 as well as in longitudinal investigations of children 8–15 . Various methods are currently available (e.g., ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, optical low coherence reflectometry, low coherence interferometry and swept‐source optical coherence tomography; for background on those methods, see the review by Koumbo Mekountchou et al 16 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and repeatability of ocular biometry measured with Lenstar LS 900 in a large group of children and adolescents

Rauscher

Hiemisch

Kieß

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and repeatability of Lenstar LS 900 biometry measurements in a paediatric population. Methods Children were examined as part of the LIFE Child Study (Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases), a population‐based study in Leipzig, Germany. Altogether, 1917 children, aged from 3.5 to 17.5 years, were assessed with the Haag Streit Lenstar LS 900. Three consecutive measurements of the right eye were analysed for axial length, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, aqueous depth, lens thickness and flat and steep corneal radii. The number of successful measurements and repeatability were evaluated for each parameter and three age bands (3.5 to 6.5 years, 6.5 to 10.5 years and 10.5 to 17.5 years). Results Best measurement feasibility was found for axial length and central corneal thickness (91% to 100%), followed by flat and steep corneal radii (86% to 100%), anterior chamber and aqueous depth (76% to 92%) and lens thickness (50% to 81%), with higher numbers for older children. Repeatability values (in mm) were: axial length 0.025 to 0.035; central corneal thickness 0.003 to 0.027; aqueous depth 0.024 to 0.058; anterior chamber 0.024 to 0.054; lens thickness 0.034 to 0.067. An overall trend showed better repeatability for older children, especially for central corneal thickness, aqueous depth and lens thickness. Conclusions For ocular biometry in the paediatric population, axial length, central corneal thickness, flat and steep corneal radii can be measured very reliably even in children from 4 years old onward using the Lenstar LS 900. Lens thickness can be quantified in a limited number of younger children. Repeatability was high for all variables investigated. Repeatability improved with age, reaching adult values in the adolescent age band. Established repeatability limits can be applied in future studies as a quality parameter.

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Axial length elongation in primary school-age children: a 3-year cohort study in Shanghai

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based prospective study

Myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based prospective study

Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Feasibility and repeatability of ocular biometry measured with Lenstar LS 900 in a large group of children and adolescents

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