Awareness Affects the Response of Human Subjects Exposed to a Single Whiplash-Like Perturbation

Siegmund, Gunter P.; Sanderson, David J.; Myers, Barry S.; Inglis, James

doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000051911.45505.d3

Cited by 91 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The order of repetitions continued to have an effect during different head postures. These results conform to the results of Blouin et al, and Siegmund et al, who found decreased EMG amplitudes in the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid, cervical paraspinal, scalenes and trapezius) following repeated forward perturbations [19,29]. The kinematics showed that a significantly decreased peak angle displacement in the neck occurred after the first perturbation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Adaptation of Postural Reactions in Seated Positions and Influence of Head Posture when Exposed to a Single Sideway Perturbation: Relevance for Driving on Irregular Terrain

Stenlund¹

2016

J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Adaptation of Postural Reactions in Seated Positions and Influence of Head Posture when Exposed to a Single Sideway Perturbation: Relevance for Driving on Irregular Terrain

Stenlund¹

2016

J Nov Physiother Phys Rehabil

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“…Kumar et al [9] reported lower SCM EMG activity in expected impacts. Differences by gender have been reported by Siegmund et al [21] and by Brault et al [2], but not by Kumar et al [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Temporal, event and amplitude awareness are the three dimensions in such anticipation. The first refers to whether the subject knows about the exact timing in which an event will occur, the second describes whether the subject knows an event will occur, and the third refers to the subject's knowledge of the magnitude of the imminent event [21][22][23]. It has been reported that awareness of an impact influences the muscle response in a simulated whiplash event [9,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in simulated low velocity rear-end impacts

et al. 2005

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“…Given ethical concerns with subjecting volunteers to injurious neck perturbations, most volunteer experiments have, for example, been conducted with military personnel and members of the research team. A few other experiments have been done with other volunteer groups but were necessarily limited to low-or very low-velocity collisions [1,3,4,7,9,10,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical muscle response to whiplash-type right anterolateral impacts

2004

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Frontal impacts are a common cause of whiplash injury. Yet, volunteer studies of the cervical muscular response and head-neck kinematics to frontal impacts are uncommon, and specifically, the effect of an offset (anterolateral) frontal impact on the resultant muscle responses is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity frontal impacts offset by 45°to the right, and to compare the quantitative effects of expected and unexpected impact. Ten healthy volunteers were subjected to frontal impacts, offset by 45°to the subject's right, of 5.1-, 8.7-, 12-, and 13.7-m/s 2 peak acceleration at two levels of expectation: expected and unexpected. Bilateral electromyograms of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis were recorded. Triaxial accelerometers recorded the acceleration of the chair, torso at the shoulder level, and head of the participant. At a peak acceleration of 13.7 m/s 2 , with an unexpected impact, the contralateral trapezius (i.e., left trapezius in a right anterolateral impact) generated 83% of its maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram, whereas all other muscles generated 50% or less of this variable. Although it generated less EMG, the splenius capitis muscle also tended to show an asymmetric EMG response, with the left (contralateral) splenius capitis generating a higher percentage (46%) of its maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram than the ipsilateral (right) splenius capitis. In comparison, the sternocleidomastoid muscles behaved symmetrically and generated 25% or less of this variable under all impact conditions. Similarly, the times to onset and times to peak electromyogram for the contralateral (left) splenius capitis and (left) trapezius progressively decreased with increasing levels of acceleration (p<0.01). Subjects exhibited lower levels of their maximal voluntary contraction electromyogram when the impact was expected (p<0.01). The kinetic variables and the electromyographic variables regressed significantly on the acceleration (p<0.01). In response to right anterolateral impacts, muscle responses were greater with higher levels of acceleration, and more specifically, when a frontal impact is offset to the subject's right, it results in not only increased EMG generation in the contralateral trapezius, but the splenius capitis contralateral to the direction of impact also bears part of the force of the neck pertubation. Expecting or being aware of imminent impact plays a role in reducing muscle responses in low-velocity anterolateral impacts.

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Awareness Affects the Response of Human Subjects Exposed to a Single Whiplash-Like Perturbation

Abstract: The larger retractions observed in surprised females likely produce larger tissue strains and may increase injury potential. Aware human subjects may not replicate the muscle response, kinematic response, or whiplash injury potential of unprepared occupants in real collisions.

Cited by 91 publications

References 20 publications

Adaptation of Postural Reactions in Seated Positions and Influence of Head Posture when Exposed to a Single Sideway Perturbation: Relevance for Driving on Irregular Terrain

Adaptation of Postural Reactions in Seated Positions and Influence of Head Posture when Exposed to a Single Sideway Perturbation: Relevance for Driving on Irregular Terrain

The role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in simulated low velocity rear-end impacts

Cervical muscle response to whiplash-type right anterolateral impacts

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