Avoidance test withEisenia fetida as indicator for the habitat function of soils: Results of a laboratory comparison test

Hund‐Rinke, Kerstin; Achazi, R.K.; Römbke, Jörg; Warnecke, Dietmar

doi:10.1007/bf02989462

Cited by 86 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Earthworms which inhabit soils and litter layers in most landscapes can offer an important tool to evaluate environmental toxicity and impacts of organic xenobiotics and agrochemicals (Paoletti 1999, Hund-Rinke et al 2003, Muthukaruppan et al 2005. Pesticides can exert both direct toxicity against earthworms or produce latent effects on their growth, histology and fertility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthworms are universally accepted as one of the most suitable and representative soil animals to be used for assessing chemical pollution in soils, for evaluating environmental hazards and to evaluate the use or abuse of field applications of pesticides (Viswanathan 1997, Leland et al 2001, Booth et al 1998, Hund-Rinke and Wiechering 2001, Hund-Rinke et al 2003. They have been studied as a readily available, easily maintainable and cheap test species to develop toxicity systems as an alternative to in vivo rodent bioassays (Furst 2002, Römbke et al 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their capability to respond to chemical stimuli (Schaefer 2003) has led to their use in avoidance tests, with very promising results (Hund-Rinke et al 2005). Earthworms have also been exposed to soils spiked with the herbicide precursor, chloroacetamide, which was lethal to the animals (Hund-Rinke et al 2003), with butachlor, which caused severe histological changes (Muthukaruppan et al 2005), and with acetochlor (Xiao et al 2006). Although used in these test systems, our current knowledge about E. fetidas biochemistry and stress response is still restricted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of herbicides on glutathione S-transferases in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Aly

Schröder

2007

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Conclusions.Conjugation of several xenobiotics with model substances and herbicides is proven in the earthworm E. fetida. However, E. fetida has only limited capabilities of detoxifying herbicidal compounds. Different isoforms of GST were involved and altered in their activity after treatment. Recommendations and Perspectives.The accumulation of GSconjugates and their determination via fluorescence microscopy is a quick and secure, additional marker for exposure that should be further developed to complement existing biotests. The described methods and endpoints might help to understand the complex reaction of earthworms towards herbicides and lead to an adapted test methodology. Methods. Herbicides were applied to soil containing earthworms. Animals were then collected, sacrificed and shock-frozen. Extracted protein was analyzed for glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene), DCNB (1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene), pNBC (p-nitrobenzylchloride), PNOBC (p-nitrobenz-o-ylchloride) and selected herbicides. GST isoenzymes were partially purified by affinity chromatography and molecular weights were estimated by SDS-PAGE. KeywordsResults. In E. fetida protein extracts, GST activity towards model compounds ranked as CDNB>DCNB>PNBOC>PNBC. Fluorodifen was not conjugated at all, but fenoxaprop and metolachlor were conjugated at low rates. Furthermore, the GST isoenzyme pattern changed during the incubation with herbicides, either due to stress or as a defense reaction. After incubation with monochlorobimane, a strong fluorescence of the intestinal tract and the intersegments was observed, indicating organ-specific GST induction.Discussion. According to the author's knowledge, here, for the first time, evidence is presented that E. fetida GST are also capable of conjugating a wider range of xenobiotic substrates. Different forms of GST were observed and changes in GST isoforms due to the herbicide treatment were also noticed. GST conjugation rates varied between different herbicides used in this experiment. It might be assumed that herbicides may well be detoxified by earthworms, to a certain extent, but that they are also potent stress factors influencing the detoxification system of the animal. High doses or long exposure might lead to deleterious effects on earthworms and limit their survival rate. The use of the animals as bioindicators for herbicides and herbicide residues seems very promising, but is surely influenced by the lack of detoxification for some compounds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of herbicides on glutathione S-transferases in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Aly

Schröder

2007

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The abundance and activity of earthworms in arable lands depends strongly on management practices; therefore, earthworms can act as potential bioindicators of land use practices (Suthar, 2009). Ecological tests, such as avoidance behaviour, based on the earthworm's ability to detect a toxicant and move away, may be sensitive and fast (Hund-Rinke et al, 2003). Ecotoxicological information gained from the earthworm studies can be supplemented by a more holistic (i.e., representative of multiple levels of ecosystem organization) endpoint, such as organic matter decomposition, which can be assessed in either laboratory or fi eld studies (Knacker et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers for the assessment of chlorpyrifos effects on earthworms and on soil functional parameters

Piola

Fuchs

Oneto

et al. 2009

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms and on soil functional parameters. An integrated laboratory-fi eld study was performed in a wheat fi eld in Argentina, sprayed with chlorpyrifos at two recommended application rates (240 or 960 g ha -1 a.i.). Laboratory tests included neutral red retention time, comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis), and avoidance behavior, each using the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed in soil collected 1 or 14 days after pesticide application, and the bait-lamina test. Field tests assessed organic matter breakdown using the litterbag and bait-lamina assays. Earthworm populations in the fi eld were assessed using formalin application and hand-sorting. The neutral red retention time and comet assays were sensitive biomarkers to the effects of chlorpyrifos on the earthworm E. andrei; however, the earthworm avoidance test was not suffi ciently robust to assess these effects. Feeding activity of soil biota, assessed by the bait lamina test, was signifi cantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos after 97 days, but recovered by the 118 th day of the test. Litterbag test showed no signifi cant differences in comparison to controls. Earthworm abundance in the fi eld was too low to adequately test the sensitivity of this assessment endpoint.Index terms: Eisenia andrei, agricultural soil, fi eld assay, laboratory bioassay. Biomarcadores para a avaliação dos efeitos de clorpirifós em minhocas e em parâmetros funcionais do soloResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do clorpirifós sobre as minhocas e sobre parâmetros funcionais do solo. Foi executado um estudo integrado campo-laboratório, em uma plantação de trigo na Argentina, onde foi aplicado clorpirifós em duas doses recomendadas (240 ou 960 g ha -1 a.i.). Os ensaios laboratoriais incluíram tempo de retenção do vermelho-neutro, ensaio cometa (eletroforese em gel de célula única) e teste de fuga, cada um com a minhoca Eisenia andrei exposta aos solos coletados 1 e 14 dias após tratamentos, e teste com a lâmina-isca. Nos bioensaios de campo, avaliou-se a decomposição da matéria orgânica em sacolas com alfafa e com a lâmina-isca. As populações de minhocas foram avaliadas no campo com uso do método de extração com formalina e remoção manual. O tempo de retenção do vermelho-neutro e o ensaio cometa foram biomarcadores sensíveis aos efeitos do clorpirifós na minhoca E. andrei; porém, o comportamento de fuga não foi efi ciente para avaliar tais efeitos. A atividade alimentar da biota do solo, avaliada pelo teste de lâmina-isca, foi signifi cativamente inibida pelo clorpirifós após 97 dias, mas recuperou-se no 118 o dia do teste. O teste de sacolas com alfafa não mostrou diferenças signifi cativas em comparação aos controles. A abundância das minhocas em campo foi muito baixa, para testar adequadamente a sensibilidade desta variável.Termos para indexação: Eisenia andrei, solos agrícolas, testes de campo, bioensaios de laboratório.

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“…In short-term ecotoxicological tests, behavioral avoidance tests are highly sensitive to evaluate soil contamination (Yeardley et al, 1996;Natal-da-Luz et al, 2004;Aldaya et al, 2006;Niemeyer et al, 2006). These tests have a great potential for evaluation of the soil as habitat (Hund-Rinke & Wiechering, 2001;HundRinke et al, 2003) and as an early screening tool in assessments of lower levels of ecological risk at contaminated sites (Loureiro et al, 2005;Natal-daLuz et al, 2004). These tests are based on the principle that organisms respond to unfavourable conditions, leaving or avoiding a contaminated soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral avoidance tests to evaluate effects of cattle slurry and dairy sludge application to soil¹

Matos-Moreira

Niemeyer

Sousa

et al. 2011

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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SUMMARYThe application of organic wastes to agricultural soils is not risk-free and can affect soil invertebrates. Ecotoxicological tests based on the behavioral avoidance of earthworms and springtails were performed to evaluate effects of different fertilization strategies on soil quality and habitat function for soil organisms. These tests were performed in soils treated with: i) slurry and chemical fertilizers, according to the conventional fertilization management of the region, ii) conventional fertilization + sludge and iii) unfertilized reference soil. Both fertilization strategies contributed to soil acidity mitigation and caused no increase in soil heavy metal content. Avoidance test results showed no negative effects of these strategies on soil organisms, compared with the reference soil. However, results of the two fertilization managements differed: Springtails did not avoid soils fertilized with dairy sludge in any of the tested combinations. Earthworms avoided soils treated with sludge as of May 2004 (DS1), when compared with conventional fertilization. Possibly, the behavioral avoidance of earthworms is more sensitive to soil properties (other than texture, organic matter and heavy metal content) than springtails Index terms: organic waste management, ecotoxicity tests, Eisenia andrei, Folsomia candida.(

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Avoidance test withEisenia fetida as indicator for the habitat function of soils: Results of a laboratory comparison test

Cited by 86 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of herbicides on glutathione S-transferases in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Effect of herbicides on glutathione S-transferases in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Biomarkers for the assessment of chlorpyrifos effects on earthworms and on soil functional parameters

Behavioral avoidance tests to evaluate effects of cattle slurry and dairy sludge application to soil¹

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