Avocado History, Biodiversity and Production

Silva, Tomas Ayala; Ledesma, N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06904-3_8

Cited by 37 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The cultivar ‘Hass’ leads global avocado commerce, accounting for over 0.85 of all avocadoes grown and sold worldwide (Ayala Silva and Ledesma, 2014); the cultivar ‘Ettinger’ is commercially less important than ‘Hass’, but is commonly used as a pollinator in ‘Hass’ orchards in Israel. It is pear-shaped with a smooth, thin and bright green skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, avocado trees of West Indian, Guatemalan and West Indian-Guatemalan hybrid varieties show severe frost injuries, whereas trees of Mexican origin are usually more cold-hardy (Cooper and Peynado, 1957). ‘Hass’ avocadoes – predominantly Guatemalan with some Mexican genes – exhibit only low-to-moderate frost tolerance, whereas ‘Ettinger’ – predominantly Mexican with some Guatemalan genes – has higher frost tolerance (Rouse and Knight, 1991; Bergh, 1992; Schaffer et al ., 2013; Ayala Silva and Ledesma, 2014). The mechanism behind the greater tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ to freezing stress or frost events has not yet been elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thanks to its high-nutritional value and health-benefitting properties, the avocado is enjoying rising demand worldwide (Migliore et al ., 2017). However, despite its growing popularity, avocado suffers from the major problem of susceptibility to frost (Ayala Silva and Ledesma, 2014); indeed, frost damage – defined as damage to plant tissue caused by an environmental effect in which the temperature drops below the freezing point of water – is one of the major factors in impairing avocado yields (Perry, 1998). Consequently, it also limits the geographic distribution and expansion of avocado cultivation (Charrier et al ., 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars

et al. 2019

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A major drawback of avocado (Persea americanaMill.) is susceptibility to frosts, which reduces yields and limits its geographic distribution and market growth. Whereas the frost-susceptible cultivar ‘Hass’ leads the global avocado market, cv. ‘Ettinger’, although commercially less important, is considered frost-tolerant. The mechanism behind the greater frost tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ has not yet been elucidated; therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the differences between the frost responses of the two cultivars. The results showed that detached ‘Ettinger’ branches had greater tolerance than ‘Hass’ to controlled frost stress. Tissue browning caused by methyl viologen oxidative cell damage, superoxide accumulation in leaf discs following wounding and browning of cut surfaces in branches were much lower in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, suggesting greater antioxidant activity (AA) in the former. In leaf extracts, AA was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, but osmolarity was similar in the two cultivars. Total phenolics content was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ but addition of a protein mask did not significantly reduce AA in either cultivar. Interestingly, following the freezing treatment, AA increased in ‘Ettinger’ and remained almost unchanged in ‘Hass’, while osmolarity was unaffected in either cultivar. These results suggest that the greater frost-tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ than ‘Hass’ is due largely to its greater AA, which springs mainly from a non-enzymatic source, i.e. accumulation of phenolic compounds. Based on the current study, future applications may be developed to minimize frost damage in avocado orchards.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars

et al. 2019

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“…Many Persea spp. grow in these forest areas [120]. It has been estimated that we have already lost around 40 % of the forest cover in developing countries of the world through deforestation [125][126].…”

Section: Diversity Of Avocadomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…americana is adapted to the lowland humid tropics[119]. Yet, there are at least 3 additional races suggested to exist[117,[120][121]. The ability of the three main races to withstand cold conditions varies; the West Indian race cannot tolerate temperatures below 15 °C, the Guatemalan race can tolerate cooler temperatures of -3 to -1 °C, and the Mexican race withstands temperatures as low as -7 °C exhibiting the highest cold tolerance[122][123][124].Cultivars classified as pure Guatemalan and Mexican races and Mexican × Guatemalan hybrids have been shown to have more diversity than those of pure West Indian race and Guatemalan…”

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confidence: 99%

Cryopreservation for Tree Species with Recalcitrant Seeds: the Avocado Case

O’Brien¹,

Hiti-Bandaralage²,

Folgado³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Recent developments in the cryopreservation space has increased the trend in germplasm collections established through cryopreserved in vitro material. Cryopreservation of recalcitrant seeds through embryos and embryonic axes, is not uncommon. Tropical and sub-tropical plants are not acclimated to the cold season, therefore have no in-built natural resilience to the cold. Also, larger seeds from trees, such as avocado (Persea americana Mill.), mango (Mangifera indica) and durian (Durio zibethinus L.) are sensitive to desiccation, chilling and freezing stress, making them unsuitable for seed banking or cryopreservation. Alternatively, as seeds do not carry the same genetic make-up as the mother plant, especially in the context of woody rainforest species of which the cross-pollination is dominant; seed conservation does not serve the purpose of germplasm preservation. Other plant material and methods are needed for these plants to be successfully stored in liquid nitrogen (LN). One such method commonly used is shoot-tip cryopreservation which ensures the clonal fidelity of germplasm. There are many problems when using shoot tips of tropical recalcitrant-seeded species. These include: 1) the toxic effects of cryoprotective agents towards structural integrity; 2) optimum developmental stage for success and 3) oxidative stress associated with excision injury leading to necrosis triggering cell death and hindering regeneration for the shoot tips in culture. A pre-requisite for any cryopreservation system is the availability of an established tissue culture regeneration platform. This review will outline conservation strategies for avocado with special emphasis on attempts and improvements made in the cryopreservation space for storing this horticulturally important crop ‘avocado’ at ultra-low temperatures.

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Avocado oil characteristics of Mexican creole genotypes

Espinosa‐Alonso

Paredes‐López

Valdez‐Morales

et al. 2017

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Mexico is a major avocado producer and exporter, mainly the Hass variety, while the Mexican creole genotypes remain unexplored. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics, phenolics, and bioactivity of oils from six different Mexican avocado genotypes to increase their consumption and utilization. Oil content varied significantly among Mexican genotypes and increased linearly with dry matter content. Oils from Mexican creole genotypes varied significantly in UV absorbance and generally exhibited low secondary oxidation. Avocado oil displayed two intense fluorescence peaks at 675 and 720 nm (chlorophyll concentration) and two broad bands centered at 465 and 510 nm (oxidation products). The antioxidant activity of avocado oils was independent of total phenolic content and influenced the anti‐inflammatory (COX) activity and selectivity. Three thermal structural transitions occurred in avocado oils between −30 and 20°C. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that avocado oils from Mexican genotypes exhibited higher thermal stability than those of Hass. Multivariate data analysis performed on 18 oil characteristics using principal component and cluster analysis demonstrates that fluorescence emission was the major factor segregating Mexican avocado genotypes. Mexican creole avocado is an important beneficial resource for the diversity of its oil quality compared to Hass variety. Practical applications: Mexican creole avocado oil exhibited superior distinctive physicochemical characteristics than Hass avocado variety. The fluorescence emission can be considered as the predictive attribute to characterize and identify the oil quality and distinguish creole avocado genotypes. Avocado oil from creole genotypes could be an important option to add value to these crop resources, ignored by their delicate post‐harvest management. Cold press avocado oil from creole genotypes provides a distinctive regional origin denomination of gourmet oil, enabling to break its confines by post‐harvest management, simultaneously conserving the huge genetic diversity of this valuable crop. Mexican creole avocado oils exhibit superior physicochemical characteristics than Hass. Fluorescence emission effectively segregates avocado oil quality by genotypes.

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Avocado History, Biodiversity and Production

Cited by 37 publications

References 52 publications

Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars

Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars

Cryopreservation for Tree Species with Recalcitrant Seeds: the Avocado Case

Avocado oil characteristics of Mexican creole genotypes

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