Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) surveillance in commercial breeding farm in China and the characterization of Class I NDV isolates

Isolation and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease viruses from raptors

“…No AIV was isolated from the samples tested but NDV was isolated from three out of 120 samples from 60 birds. The isolation of NDV from domestic poultry and waterfowl is common (Marin et al, 1996;Takakuwa et al, 1998;Huovilainen et al, 2001;Jorgensen et al, 2004;Seal et al, 2005;Kim et al, 2007;Jindal et al, 2009;Hu et al, 2010), but reports on its isolation from raptors are limited (Chu et al, 1976;Kou et al, 1999;Manvell et al, 2000;Lublin et al, 2001;Schettler et al, 2003;Choi et al, 2008). In the present study, we isolated NDV from two species of raptors (i.e.…”

“…In an earlier study, we reported the presence of class II NDVs in waterfowl in the Upper Midwest region of the US (Jindal et al, 2009). Similarly, Hu et al (2010) reported only class I NDVs in domestic ducks in China. In contrast, Kim et al (2007) and Liu et al (2009) reported the presence of both class I and class II NDVs in wild birds in the US.…”

“…Velogenic strains of NDV have also been isolated from wild birds (Takakuwa et al, 1998;Liu et al, 2008;Zhu et al, 2010), suggesting an epidemiological link between isolates recovered from outbreaks in poultry with those from wild birds (Takakuwa et al, 1998;Huovilainen et al, 2001;Jorgensen et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2007). This signifies the importance of wild birds in the maintenance and transmission of NDVs.…”

“…NDV can infect a great variety of avian species and has been isolated and characterized from domestic poultry (Marin et al, 1996;Jorgensen et al, 2004;Pedersen et al, 2004;Seal et al, 2005) and wild bird populations (Takakuwa et al, 1998;Huovilainen et al, 2001;Jorgensen et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2007;Dormitorio et al, 2009;Jindal et al, 2009;Zhu et al, 2010). However, there are only a few reports on the detection and characterization of NDVs from raptors (Keymer & Dawson, 1971;Chu et al, 1976;Kou et al, 1999;Manvell et al, 2000;Lublin et al, 2001;Schettler et al, 2003;Choi et al, 2008).…”

Biological and Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus through Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase Gene Isolated from Lahore District

“…However, the HN proteins show high sequence similarity from different paramyxoviruses, generally in the core neuraminidase (NA) domain. The hemagglutinin-neuroaminidase (HN) protein of NDV strains having different amino acids length: 571 aa, (Munir et al, 2012b;Wang et al, 2013) 577 aa (Ponnusamy et al, 2009) (present study), 580 aa (Huang et al, 2004), 581 aa, (Tan et al, 1995) 585 aa (Hu et al, 2010) and 616 aa (Yuan et al, 2012). Sequence analysis of HN gene revealed that many low virulent enteric NDV strains have a large open reading frame (ORF) (616 amino acid, aa) with additional 45 aa at its C-terminus when compared with that of some virulent and certain less virulent NDV strains (571 and 577 aa).…”