Avian Influenza in North and South America, 2002–2005

Senne, Dennis A.

doi:10.1637/1933-5334(2007)2[e3:aiinas]2.0.co;2

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies of the prevalence and clinical manifestations associated with influenza virus infections in Mexico have generally focused on human beings and birds (Ayora- Talavera and others 2005, Cabello and others 2006, Kuri-Morales and others 2006, Villarreal 2006, Senne 2007). The overall aim of the present study was to estimate the seroprevalence of EIV in two geographically distinct areas of Mexico, Nuevo Leon State in north-east Mexico and Guerrero State in the south of the country.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in northeast and southern Mexico

et al. 2010

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confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in northeast and southern Mexico

et al. 2010

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“…There are few studies regarding influenza H11 subtype virus isolation in different parts of the world [9,[21][22][23][24]. No cases of isolation of these viruses from Galliformes and gulls in Eurasian continent have been reported or described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza viruses of H11 subtype isolated in Kazakhstan

et al. 2011

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Avian influenza viruses A/turkey/Almaty/535/04 (H11N9) and A/herring gull/Atyrau/2186/07 (H11N2) isolated in Kazakhstan were characterized as low pathogenic in biological and genetic studies. Putative glycosylation sites were identical to the putative sites in published H11, N2, and N9 isolates sequences. Compared with published data no additional basic amino acid residues were found in the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site of these Kazakhstan strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a rare case of Eurasian-American reassortment in the HA gene of A/herring gull/Atyrau/2186/07 (H11N2) virus and significant sequence difference of the HA and the neuraminidase genes of the virus A/turkey/Almaty/535/04 (H11N9) from the previously published GenBank viruses.

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“…A low-pathogenic subtype of H7N2 has been circulating in poultry in the northeastern USA since 1994, while highly pathogenic avian influenza has sporadically appeared, such as in an outbreak in Chile (H7N3) in 2002, an outbreak in the United States (H5N2) in 2004, and an outbreak in Canada (H7N3) in 2004 (Senne 2007). These viruses readily become pathogenic through some mutations (Lee et al 2006) and thus pose a pandemic threat.…”

Section: Optimistic Outlook: Prepandemic Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic Influenza Vaccines

DiMenna

Ertl

2009

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Since their compositions remain uncertain, universal pandemic vaccines are yet to be created. They would aim to protect globally against pandemic influenza viruses that have not yet evolved. Thus they differ from seasonal vaccines to influenza virus, which are updated annually in spring to incorporate the latest circulating viruses, and are then produced and delivered before the peak influenza season starts in late fall and winter. The efficacy of seasonal vaccines is linked to their ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, which provide subtype-specific protection against influenza A viruses. If pandemic vaccines were designed to resemble current vaccines in terms of composition and mode of action, they would have to be developed, tested, and mass-produced after the onset of a pandemic, once the causative virus had been identified. The logistic problems of generating a pandemic vaccine from scratch, conducting preclinical testing, and producing billions of doses within a few months for global distribution are enormous and may well be insurmountable. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus.

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Avian Influenza in North and South America, 2002–2005

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in northeast and southern Mexico

Seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in northeast and southern Mexico

Phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza viruses of H11 subtype isolated in Kazakhstan

Pandemic Influenza Vaccines

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