Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans

Beigel, John H.; Farrar, Jeremy; Han, Aye Maung; Hayden, Frederick G.; Hyer, Randy; Jong, Menno D. de; Lochindarat, Sorasak; Nguyen, Thi Kim Tien; Nguyen, Tran; Tran, Thi Hong; Nicoll, A; Touch, Sok; Yuen, Kwok‐Yung

doi:10.1056/nejmra052211

Cited by 1,111 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Fortunately, human-to-human transmission is rare, preventing pandemic spread of this potentially devastating pathogen. 8 Concerns Although seasonal A/H1N1 viruses had been circulating for many years, this novel reassortant A/H1N1 virus was not covered by current seasonal influenza vaccines. 12 As the world population was not immune to the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus, it spread quickly.…”

Section: Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza: One Health in action

Dwyer

Kirkland²

2011

NSW Public Health Bull.

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Influenza highlights the relevance of One Health, where experts in animal, human and environmental health combine to solve interrelated problems. Human disease due to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and avian and human disease due to influenza A/H5N1 are recent examples of new zoonoses with significant global impact. Management and prevention of influenza and other emerging infectious diseases requires the expansion and continuing support of collaborations between human and animal health experts at the clinical, diagnostic laboratory, public health, research and training levels.

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Section: Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza: One Health in action

Dwyer

Kirkland²

2011

NSW Public Health Bull.

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“…Interestingly, observations in the few people who were infected with the H5N1 bird virus indicate that the incubation period is relatively long, 12 a delay which would give time to administer antibodies to H5, with hopefully protective effects obtained even after the first virus replication cycles, as may be extrapolated from the experiments in mice described above 1 , 2 . Of further interest is the observation that the H5N1 virus can be found in the digestive tract at autopsy, 12 which provides further incentive to treat contaminated people systemically with highly diffusible IgG antibodies to H5N1 virus.…”

Section: Antibody Transfer As a Therapeutic Measure In Cases Of Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of further interest is the observation that the H5N1 virus can be found in the digestive tract at autopsy, 12 which provides further incentive to treat contaminated people systemically with highly diffusible IgG antibodies to H5N1 virus.…”

Section: Antibody Transfer As a Therapeutic Measure In Cases Of Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale for treating human influenza infections by passive transfer of specific antibodies

Virelizier

2007

Influenza Resp Viruses

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The fear of a potential pandemic with a highly pathogenic influenza A virus, such as the avian virus H5N1, has rightly prompted multidisciplinary reflections and calls for better preparedness all over the world. In terms of therapeutic aspects, most of the focus has been on vaccines and antivirals. The present ‘opinion paper’ intends to discuss a different therapeutic approach, although not mutually exclusive to the two others quoted above. We here propose an approach, based on well‐documented experimental evidence in animal models, in which a short series of human monoclonal antibodies adapted to the probable pandemic strain, specific for external antigens of that influenza virus and shown in vitro and in experimental models to have neutralizing properties, are prepared and stockpiled for administration to people recently exposed to the pandemic virus.

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“…Whether this inflammatory dysregulation is a consequence of the host’s vigorous immune response or an effect of the rapidly replicating virus is not clear 4 . If the eventual pandemic virus swiftly attacks the cells of the lower respiratory tract, there may be a risk of immunopathological events, potentially worsened if the offending pandemic virus should boost a CTL‐memory induced by a pre‐pandemic vaccine.…”

Section: Other Scientific Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the apparent case‐fatality rate is extremely high (approximately 60%), it may be an overestimate as less severe clinical cases may have gone unnoticed, although it has been claimed that this may not be the case 3 . With close to 300 reported human cases of H5N1 avian influenza since late 2003, the situation today is causing alarm 4 . The virus is genetically unstable and has evolved as a number of distinct genetic and antigenic clusters, complicating the selection of strains for clinical trials 5 , 6 , 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines for an influenza pandemic: scientific and political challenges

Haaheim

2007

Influenza Resp Viruses

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So far, most published results from clinical trials using various avian influenza virus vaccine formulations have been disappointing. Should the pandemic strike, we still do not have the ability to provide an efficacious pandemic vaccine in time and in sufficient quantities for the world. The H5N1 enzootic could potentially give rise to a pandemic at any time. Transcontinental air traffic could seed the pandemic virus to most corners of the globe within a few weeks/months. We still have a unique window of opportunity to stimulate and support academia and the pharmaceutical industry to accelerate the urgently needed vaccine research. The political inertia is surprising, particularly as politicians, if and when a pandemic eventuates, will be asked why, despite repeated warnings, they did not take appropriate action in time. It is a governmental obligation – and not that of the WHO or the pharmaceutical industry – to protect their nationals. Moreover, when the poorer nations of this world realize that equitable quantities of the scarce supplies of vaccines, drugs and medical essentials will not come their way, the post‐pandemic international scene will be one of even more deep distrust for many years. This scenario is not acceptable.

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Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans

Cited by 1,111 publications

References 66 publications

Influenza: One Health in action

Influenza: One Health in action

Rationale for treating human influenza infections by passive transfer of specific antibodies

Vaccines for an influenza pandemic: scientific and political challenges

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