Avian immunosuppressive diseases and immune evasion

Schat, Karel A.; Skinner, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818708-1.00018-x

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 310 publications

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“…Infections of chickens with vIBDV followed by vNDV induced more sever lesions in presence or absence of immunostimulants. Also, the results supported by that vIBDV infection induces immunosuppression and increases susceptibility to other infections including NDV (Wang et al, 2010;Schat and Skinner, 2013;Liang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Results Of Performance Parameters After Immunostimulantsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The disease is caused by IBDV (infectious bursal disease virus), genus Avibirnavirus which belongs to family Birnaviridae (ICTV, 2017). The replication of IBDV occurs in Bursa of Fabricius particularly immature lymphocytes causing developing B-lymphocytes destruction (Wang et al, 2010) and preventing the development of immunity (Liang et al, 2015), resulting in severe immunosuppression, increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases and vaccination failure (Schat and Skinner, 2013). Allan et al (1972) who first reported the immunosuppressive effect of IBD and Faragher et al (1974) who observed that immune response suppression to NDV infection was greatest in chicks infected on 1 day old with IBDV, These suppressive effects includs cell mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immunity, Giambrone et al (1978) reported that IBD affects humoral immunity more than CMI; thus, these effects enhanced the pathogenic effects of NDV and suppress successful control of ND by vaccination due to increase rates of vaccination failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effectiveness of Immunostimulants on NDV Genotype VII and IBDV Infection in Broiler Chickens

Ahmed¹,

Amer²,

El-Bayoumi³

et al. 2023

AAVS

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The present study was conducted to investigate the pathogeneicity of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) genotype VII.1.1 "NDV-CHICKEN-EGY-ALEX-NRC-2020" strain in combination with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) "IBDV/Egypt/Qalubia/17" and/or some commercial immunostimulants (Lector ® and Orego ® ) in commercial broiler chickens. The pathogenicity studies parameters included the effects on protection, growth performance and clinico-pathological changes. The results indicated that, immunostimulants can keep maternal immunity longer where lector ® was the best; the decline in HI titers also indicates that bird groups not contract ND natural infection. The results of performance parameters after immunostimulants administration and challenged with IBDV at 14-days of age and NDV GenotypeVII.1.1 at 21-days of age in broiler chickens proved that administration of Lector ® and Orego ® solution had positive effect on average body weight gain and feed conversion rates than control non medicated groups; where the Lector medicated groups showed higher rates of average weight followed by Orego ® medicated groups. Regarding signs and mortality in infected groups IBD signs varied from mild in lector ® , moderate in Orego ® while sever signs were in non-medicated group. The mortalities began at 5 th day post-challenge (pch) in non-medicated groups with total 10-20%; while the mortalities in NDV began at 3 rd day pch in group non-medicated with 50% to reach 100% mortality rate in 7 th pch. At necropsy both IBD and NDV infection lesions were found in dead birds of all challenged groups. Chicken groups challenged by IBDV or NDV after treatment with Lector showed milder histopathological changes than Orego solution and non-treated groups showed the most sever lesions. Chicken groups challenged with both virulent IBDV and NDV either treatment with Lector ® or Orego ® solution or non-treated showed no marked difference in histopathological lesions. The results of total and differential leucocytes indicated that lector had a great high effect in WBCs levels specially lymphocytes and monocytes. In conclusion the used immunostimulants are of low value against IBD and ND virulent viruses challenge. In conclusion, is recommended to apply a strict hygienic measures and suitable vaccination programmes to protect chickens against both IBD and NDV infection as the current control and prevention regimes, including vaccines and vaccination protocol are not adequate against either single or mixed infection infections with IBD and/or ND.

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Section: Results Of Performance Parameters After Immunostimulantsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Immunostimulants on NDV Genotype VII and IBDV Infection in Broiler Chickens

Ahmed¹,

Amer²,

El-Bayoumi³

et al. 2023

AAVS

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“…While the literature is equivocal, studies that find sex differences tend to report a male bias in infection prevalence. Sex differences in hormones such as corticosterone and/or testosterone could explain a male bias in infection prevalence if elevated levels of these hormones make males more susceptible to infection (consistent with the immunocompetence hypothesis; Folstad and Karter 1992, Norris and Evans 2000, Roberts et al 2004, Schat and Skinner 2022. Male Song Sparrows indeed have higher androgen levels than females (Lymburner et al 2016); however, it is unclear why a suppressed immune system would make males potentially more susceptible to Leucocytozoon but not Plasmodium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Haemosporidian infection prevalence varies temporally and spatially and Leucocytozoon infections are male biased in Song Sparrows

et al. 2023

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Haemosporidian parasites are significant global drivers of avian disease and infections are affected by complex ecological and biological interactions. We quantified variation in haemosporidian infection prevalence of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon in 311 Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) from 2 breeding populations across years, seasons, age classes and sexes, finding significant differences in infection prevalence across years, seasons and sites, as well as sex differences in Leucocytozoon infection prevalence. We also found that birds were more likely to be infected with Plasmodium than Leucocytozoon and coinfections were more likely than expected. Many avian haemosporidian studies use data collected over a short period of time at one location, and few studies investigate multi-year infection dynamics across populations. However, such long-term studies are important because ecological factors can affect the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne pathogens like malaria. Because biological factors can also affect the likelihood of exposure to vector-borne pathogens, it is also important to determine how host traits influence infection dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the prevalence and composition of avian haemosporidian infections can be highly variable, making sampling regimes a key consideration when drawing conclusions from study results. To better understand the fitness consequences of haemosporidian infection in avian hosts, future work should take ecological and biological variation into account when evaluating the effects of infection on aspects of condition and quality, reproductive success and survival.

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“…In poultry farms, inactivated vaccines are frequently used in high doses and repeatedly, with short intervals, which can cause stress to the immune system (Yang et al, 2011;Feng et al, 2012). Stress alters immune responses (Wilkinson et al, 2011;Schat & Skinner, 2022). Immunosuppression in chickens is a very important factor but, therewith, is underestimated in the development of pathology (Schat & Skinner, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stress alters immune responses (Wilkinson et al, 2011;Schat & Skinner, 2022). Immunosuppression in chickens is a very important factor but, therewith, is underestimated in the development of pathology (Schat & Skinner, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histoarchitectonics of the Harderian gland of chickens in the post-vaccination period

Budnik¹,

Гуральська²,

Pinsky³

et al. 2022

Scientific Horizons

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Understanding the effect of vaccination on the body of chickens is impossible without exploring the morphology of the immune defence organs. The purpose of the study was to identify morphological changes in the Harderian gland of the Haysex Brown chickens aged 1, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 days under the influence of vaccination. The following methods were used in the study: anatomical, histological, light-optical, morphometric, and statistical. Histological preparations of the Harderian gland of chickens of different ages (1, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 days) of the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were analysed. The features of the organ structure, its lymphoid structures and their types of forms were explored on histological preparations of the chicken Harderian gland. According to histological studies, it was established that this is a complex tubular lobular gland, which consists of secretory lobules with ducts. The interlobular connective tissue contains a significant number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and other cells. In vaccinated chickens at 25 days of age, the presence of diffuse lymphoid tissue was noted, which was not observed in the control group, and at 50 days of age - the development of a nodular form of lymphoid tissue, the maximum number of which was observed at 100 days of age. In chickens of 75, 100, and 120 days of the age of the experimental group, the amount of lymphoid tissue in the Harderian gland increased, which was noted in the interlobular connective tissue and secretory lobules. It has been proven that the chicken gland, as a peripheral organ of immune defence, is developed at 50 days of age in both the control and vaccinated groups. The study of morphological changes in the Harderian gland of the poultry of different ages is an important tool for the development of preventive vaccination protocols in modern poultry farming. The results of the study should be considered when improving the technology of rearing and exploitation of chickens to ensure high vitality and, accordingly, productivity

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Avian immunosuppressive diseases and immune evasion

Cited by 14 publications

References 310 publications

The Effectiveness of Immunostimulants on NDV Genotype VII and IBDV Infection in Broiler Chickens

The Effectiveness of Immunostimulants on NDV Genotype VII and IBDV Infection in Broiler Chickens

Haemosporidian infection prevalence varies temporally and spatially and Leucocytozoon infections are male biased in Song Sparrows

Histoarchitectonics of the Harderian gland of chickens in the post-vaccination period

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