Avian Group D Rotaviruses: Structure, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Perspectives on Future Research Challenges

Abstract

In 1981, a new virus (virus 132) was described for the first time with morphological and biochemical similarities to rotaviruses (RVs), but without antigenic similarity to any of the previously known rotavirus groups. Subsequently, it was re-designated as D/132, and formed a new serogroup among rotaviruses, the group D rotavirus (RVD). Since their identification, RVs are the leading cause of enteritis and diarrhea in humans and various animal species, and are also associated with abridged growth, particularly in avian species. Recently, RVD has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of runting and stunting syndrome (RSS), alongside other viruses such as reovirus, astrovirus, coronavirus, and others, all of which cause colossal economic losses to the poultry industry. RVD has been reported from several countries worldwide, and to date, only one complete genome sequence for RVD is available. Neither an immunodiagnostic nor a vaccine is available for the detection and prevention of RVD infection. Despite our growing understanding about this particular group, questions remain regarding its exact prevalence and pathogenecity, and the disease-associated annual losses for the poultry industry. Here, we describe the current knowledge about the identification, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of RVD in poultry.

Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada

“…Chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells were prepared using 14-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) embryos obtained from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) (Ottawa, Canada). It has been shown previously that CEL can be infected with a variety of poultry viruses [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], including CAstV [ 1 , 33 ]. The use of embryos was approved by the institutional animal care committee, Health Science Animal Care Committee (HSACC).…”

Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development

“…Group A, B, and C RVs are frequently associated with diarrhea in piglets [ 203 , 205 ], although group H RVs have also been detected in recent years [ 206 , 207 ]. Group D, F, and G RVs are exclusively associated with avian species, with group A being most prevalent in poultry [ 8 ]. Group A RVs are a leading cause of diarrhea in young foals.…”

“…The demarcation of these groups is based on nucleotide (nt) sequence differences in the gene encoding the inner capsid protein VP6 [ 7 ]. Rotaviruses belonging to groups A, B, C, and H can infect humans and animals, while those belonging to groups D, F, and G predominantly infect animals [ 8 ]. Zoonotic transmission of animal RVs, such as those from group A, to humans has been observed in the field, and these animal RVs can cause diarrhea in humans [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Metagenomic analysis of bat virome in the Guangxi-Vietnam border area

“…病毒的痕迹, 甚至能感染鸟类 [37] . 首个BtRVA是2010 年在非洲黄毛果蝠体内发现 [38] ; 随后本实验室在我国 南方BtRVA开展了系统的流行病学研究, 发现并分离 了多株BtRVA [39,40] , 最终确定蝙蝠也是轮状病毒的自 然宿主之一, 我国南方蝙蝠流行的轮状病毒高度类似, 并命名为MLSH14-like轮状病毒, 同时发现广西的一 株BtRVA LZHP2传播给人并造成腹泻, 最终总结出蝙 蝠在我国南方轮状病毒的跨种传播和基因重排中处于 "中转站"的位置 [22] .…”