Aversive eye gaze during a speech in virtual environment in patients with social anxiety disorder

Kim, Haena; Shin, Jung Eun; Hong, Yeon Ju; Shin, Yu Bin; Shin, Yong Soon; Han, Kyung Seok; Kim, Jae Jin; Choi, Seong Hee

doi:10.1177/0004867417714335

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Felnhofer et al [12] too reported significantly higher levels of anxiety, co-presence, and immersion in participants with SAD than in healthy controls. Kim et al [13] exposed 79 individuals with SAD and 51 healthy controls to impromptu speeches on self-related topics to a virtual audience and concluded that individuals with SAD demonstrate less eye gaze towards the audience than healthy controls. Lange and Pauli [14] explored avoidance behavior among individuals with high vs. low social anxiety (n = 50).…”

Section: Virtual Social Worldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Reality Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder

Emmelkamp

Meyerbröker

Morina

2020

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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Purpose of Review This review provides an overview of current methods and important aspects to consider when applying virtual worlds in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Recent Findings Different aspects such as dialogs between avatars and patients have been investigated as well as virtual audiences, emotional facial expression, and verbal interaction with avatars. Results of these studies are promising. Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in SAD. Unfortunately, most RCTs into the efficacy of VRET in comparison with exposure in vivo in SAD have been conducted with a combination of cognitive interventions and VRET. No differences between these conditions were found, but the pure effect of VRET as a standalone treatment has only been investigated in one RCT, wherein VRET was not superior to exposure in vivo. Summary Current research into different facets of SAD and VRET has produced promising results with respect to technological aspects. No differences in efficacy between cognitive behavior therapy and VRET were found, but there is a clear need for studies investigating the efficacy of VRET as a stand-alone treatment and the therapeutic processes involved before this therapy can be disseminated in routine clinical practice.

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Section: Virtual Social Worldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Reality Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder

Emmelkamp

Meyerbröker

Morina

2020

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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“…In addition to self‐reported data, past virtual reality experiments have captured physiological data by using EDA, 12‐15 which can be indicative of high levels of arousal or stress, 16 as well as eye gaze behavior such as eye fixations, 17‐19 which can be indicative of not only attention, 18 but anxiety, 17 engagement, 20 as well as social functioning 19 . Virtual reality studies capturing EDA have explored public speaking anxiety, 17 and posttraumatic stress disorder 21 among other interests. Concerning sense of embodiment in virtual reality, studies have previously captured EDA in response to threat to a virtual body part, 9,12 and in order to measure the influence of stress on body ownership 22 .…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye fixations and electrodermal activity during low‐budget virtual reality embodiment

Krogmeier¹,

Mousas²

2020

Computer Animation & Virtual

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As motion-sensing devices become more accessible to consumers, it is important to understand how users experience embodiment when using these devices. In our 3 × 2 between-groups study, we explored eye fixations and electrodermal activity (EDA) in order to more objectively understand potential interaction effects between the self-avatar body, and the presence of a mirror within the context of low-budget embodiment. We developed six experimental conditions concerning Body (human, mannequin, and zombie self-avatars) and Mirror (mirror and no mirror) factors, and presented participants with a virtual environment in which they could control their self-avatars by using HTC Vive controllers and trackers. In addition to eye fixations and EDA, we assessed self-reported data concerning body ownership, agency, self-location, as well as enjoyment of the experience. Our results suggest that the Body may have been more influential in eliciting body ownership than the Mirror, and that an interaction effect between Gender and Body may influence eye gaze behavior. Additionally, female participants reported significantly higher agency than males. We consider logical next steps for similar research which might elaborate upon our findings.

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“…Automatic data collection also allows subtle aspects of social interactions to be evaluated for signs of interpersonal bias. This has included interpersonal distance (Simões et al., 2020) and eye contact (H. Kim et al., 2018). These implicit measures have been used to better understand patient–provider interactions and interpersonal bias and showcase a key advantage of VR research ( data collection ).…”

Section: Vr As a Research Tool In Health Psychology: Past Present And Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual reality expands the toolkit for conducting health psychology research

Martingano

Persky

2021

Social & Personality Psych

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Virtual reality (VR) has become a readily available consumer technology, strengthening its promise as a research tool for health psychology. We identify five key strengths of VR‐based research: data collection, realism, experimental control, adaptability, and mobility (DREAM). We review how these advantages allow researchers to investigate behavioral, psychological, and social processes related to health and well‐being in novel ways, by using VR as both a stimulus and a measurement tool. We also describe challenges facing VR research and potential strategies researchers can use to mitigate them. In addition to reviewing existing research, we hope to inspire researchers to consider ways in which VR might be used in future to augment their own research programs or answer currently impracticable research questions in health psychology.

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Aversive eye gaze during a speech in virtual environment in patients with social anxiety disorder

Abstract: The current study confirms that eye gaze behaviour of social anxiety disorder patients is aversive and that their anxiety symptoms are more dependent on the nature of topic.

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

Virtual Reality Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder

Virtual Reality Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder

Eye fixations and electrodermal activity during low‐budget virtual reality embodiment

Virtual reality expands the toolkit for conducting health psychology research

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