Available Technologies and Materials for Waste Cooking Oil Recycling

Abstract

Recently, the interest in converting waste cooking oils (WCOs) to raw materials has grown exponentially. The driving force of such a trend is mainly represented by the increasing number of WCO applications, combined with the definition, in many countries, of new regulations on waste management. From an industrial perspective, the simple chemical composition of WCOs make them suitable as valuable chemical building blocks, in fuel, materials, and lubricant productions. The sustainability of such applications is sprightly related to proper recycling procedures. In this context, the development of new recycling processes, as well as the optimization of the existing ones, represents a priority for applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science. With the aim of providing useful updates to the scientific community involved in vegetable oil processing, the current available technologies for WCO recycling are herein reported, described, and discussed. In detail, two main types of WCO treatments will be considered: chemical transformations, to exploit the chemical functional groups present in the waste for the synthesis of added value products, and physical treatments as extraction, filtration, and distillation procedures. The first part, regarding chemical synthesis, will be connected mostly to the production of fuels. The second part, concerning physical treatments, will focus on bio-lubricant production. Moreover, during the description of filtering procedures, a special focus will be given to the development and applicability of new materials and technologies for WCO treatments.

Animal bone affluence in environmental reclamation: Biodiesel production, petro‐diesel biodesulfurization and wastewater photo‐treatment

“…The valorization of such wastes would address economic, environmental, and waste‐management concerns. For example, the annual world production of waste frying oils can exceed 190 million metric tons, which causes many problems in water streams 21,22 . Another valuable industrial food waste is corn‐steep liquor, the main waste from the starch industry, which is mainly composed of nitrogen 23 .…”

“…For example, the annual world production of waste frying oils can exceed 190 million metric tons, which causes many problems in water streams. 21,22 Another valuable industrial food waste is corn-steep liquor, the main waste from the starch industry, which is mainly composed of nitrogen. 23 It is considered to be a low-cost nitrogen source and is a very nutrient-rich biomass of the kind that is required by most microorganisms.…”

A mixed-method study of edible oil waste from farm to table in Iran: SWOT analysis

“…Looking at the recent bibliography related to the EOW mentioned that the modernization in treatment of that includes, not only a research activity on more convenient chemical syntheses, but also the development of new materials, and the definition of new combined treatments, which involve different techniques integrated. Moreover, the integration between academic and industrial research activities will be fundamental to develop recycling treatments that are truly able to substitute existing productions, which involve non-waste raw materials [ 54 ].…”

Production of exopolysaccharide ethapolan by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B–7005 on fried oil and oil–containing mixed substrates

“…), carcinogenic substances (acrylamide, heterocyclic amines), and other degradation products (trans fatty acids, free radicals) [HOSSEINI et al, 2016;LI et al, 2019] . Due to the fact that more than 15-16.5 million tons of these waste vegetable oils generate annually in the world, from which 1-1.6 million tons accumulate in Europe [MANNU et al, 2019;LOIZIDES et al, 2019;MANNU et al, 2020] , and their emissions to the environment are strictly regulated only in highly developed countries (USA, Japan, European countries etc. ), the effective disposal and processing of waste oil is an urgent problem.…”