Availability of Partially Milled Rice as a Daily Source of .GAMMA.-Aminobutyric Acid

Iwaki, Keiko; Kitada, Yoshimi

doi:10.3136/fstr.13.41

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The content of GABA in the sea cucumber was much lower than that in germ rice [13,35] as shown in Figure 3. Nevertheless, the small amount of GABA was consistent with the anatomical structure of the sea cucumber that has small radial nerves, which contain GABA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GABA contents of the sea cucumber whole body and body wall were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were prepared according to Iwaki and Kitada [13]. In short, the freeze-dried samples were ground into powder and homogenized separately with 25 mL of 75% ethanol in a homogenizer.…”

Section: Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

Sroyraya

Hanna²,

Siangcham³

et al. 2017

FFHD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Holothuria scabra is one of the most commercially important species found in the Pacific region. The sea cucumber extracts have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional compositions of H. scabra, and compare its important nutritional contents with that of other species.Methods: The sea cucumbers were dissected, sliced into small pieces, and then freeze-dried. The nutritional compositions, including proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, collagen, GABA, Vitamin A, C, and E of the whole body and body wall of H. scabra, were analyzed.Results: H. scabra contained a high quantity of protein (22.50% in whole body and 55.18% in body wall) and very low lipids (1.55% in whole body and 1.02% in body wall). The three most abundant amino acids found in both the whole body and body wall were glycine, glutamic acid, and proline. The main fatty acids found in the whole body were stearic acid and nervonic acid, and in the body wall were arachidonic acid and stearic acid. The whole body and body wall also contained high levels of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and collagen, in addition to moderate amounts of vitamin E and low amounts of GABA and vitamin C.Conclusions: The sea cucumber, H. scabra, contained high quantity of protein and very low lipid. It contained high essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, nervonic and arachidonic acids, and collagen, which also contained GABA, vitamin C, and vitamin E.Keywords: sea cucumber; Holothuria scabra; nutrition components; functional food

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

Sroyraya

Hanna²,

Siangcham³

et al. 2017

FFHD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In plant seeds, GAD expression and activity increase during germination (Kuo et al, 2004;Xu and Hu, 2014). GABA is contained in high quantities in germinated brown rice and soybean sprouts, which are eaten on a daily basis in Japan (Martínez-Villaluenga et al, 2006;Iwaki et al, 2007).In plants, GABA is accumulated as a metabolite in response to various stress conditions (Wallace et al, 1984;Kaplan et al, 2004;Chung et al, 2009). The GABA-accumulation phenomenon has been utilized to enrich GABA content of fruits, vegetables and other plant materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for Enrichment of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Sesame Seeds

Katsuno

Sakamoto

Yabe

et al. 2015

FSTR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We sought a method to increase γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in sesame seeds. When water was added to the seeds and they were heated at 60℃ for 15 min, the GABA content increased over 8-fold compared to the starting seeds. The amount of water added to the seeds affected the production of GABA, with the addition of more water leading to production of more GABA. GABA production occurred during the first 10 min of treatment at 60℃.Moreover, the addition of l-glutamate resulted in further GABA enrichment. The results indicate that our method using a short-duration heat treatment can form GABA-rich products from sesame seeds.Keywords: sesame seed, γ-aminobutyric acid, enriching process, heating treatment Introduction γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid found in bacteria, plants and vertebrates. In mammals, GABA is present at high levels in the brain and is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter. It also has roles in lowering blood pressure and in mental stabilization (Hayakawa et al., 2004;Abdou et al., 2006;Guyenet, 2006). GABA is mainly metabolized via a short pathway called the GABA shunt. In this pathway, GABA is synthesized through the α-decarboxylation of l-glutamate (l-Glu) catalyzed by l-Glu decarboxylase (GAD) (Bown and Shelp, 1997;Shelp et al., 1999;Bouché and Fromm 2004;Fait et al., 2008). In plant seeds, GAD expression and activity increase during germination (Kuo et al., 2004;Xu and Hu, 2014). GABA is contained in high quantities in germinated brown rice and soybean sprouts, which are eaten on a daily basis in Japan (Martínez-Villaluenga et al., 2006;Iwaki et al., 2007).In plants, GABA is accumulated as a metabolite in response to various stress conditions (Wallace et al., 1984;Kaplan et al., 2004;Chung et al., 2009). The GABA-accumulation phenomenon has been utilized to enrich GABA content of fruits, vegetables and other plant materials. The process includes anaerobic CO 2 , highpressure and immersion treatments (Saikusa et al., 1994;Sasagawa et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2006;Komatsuzaki et al., 2007;Akihiro et al., 2008;Watanabe et al., 2013).Sesame seeds have high nutrient content and health-promoting functions. Therefore, the seeds have been eaten for generations on a daily basis in many countries. However, the seeds contain only trace levels of GABA as a functional amino acid. Nakashima et al. (2005) reported that the GABA content in sesame seeds was increased by a 48-h germination treatment. However, GABA enrichment by germination is not of practical use because it is time-consuming and the flavor deteriorates during the process.Generally, roasted seeds are successfully processed by removing foreign substances, washing, dehydrating, roasting, cooling, again removing foreign substances, and finally, packing. On a commercial scale, GABA enrichment might be incorporated into this process. In this study, we investigated ways to enrich for GABA in sesame seeds with high efficiency before roasting. Materials and MethodsMaterials White sesame seeds (Escoba), harvested in Paragu...

show abstract

“…The GABA and γ-oryzanol contents in the BR and GBR extracts were measured by the Central Laboratory (Thailand) Co., Ltd. The GABA content was measured by Gas Chromatography (GC) (Agilent Technologies 6890 N; column: Phenomenex USA Zebron 10m x 0.25mm x 0.25m) -Mass Selective Detector (MSD) (Agilent Technologies 5973 inert USA) method as described by Herbert et al (2000) and Iwaki and Kitada (2007). The γ-oryzanol content was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique based on Wihong et al (2014).…”

Section: Gaba and γ-Oryzanol Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Brown Rice and Germinated Brown Rice Extracts from Thai Rice Cultivars (PL2 and KDML105) on Adipogenic, Adipocytokine, and Antioxidant Genes in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Bulanawichit¹,

Kirdin²,

Boonsong³

2018

CMUJNS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Obesity is a serious risk factor for metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is caused by increasing adipose tissue mass via increasing cell numbers (hyperplasia) and adipocytes size (hypertrophy). Previous studies have found that natural bioactive compounds can be used to treat obesity. This study examined the anti-adipogenic mechanisms of brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) extracts (Khao Dawk Mali 105; KDML105 and Phitsanulok 2; PL2 cultivars) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The cytotoxicity effect of rice extracts was first measured by MTT assay and the non-toxic concentrations on triglyceride levels and expression of adipogenic, adipocytokine, and antioxidant genes were then investigated. The results showed that BR and GBR extracts at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml were not toxic. The triglyceride content in treated cells decreased significantly (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of adipogenic (PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPδ, C/EBPβ), lipogenic (SREBP-1c, FAS, aP2, LPL, ACC1, ACC2), and proinflammatory cytokine (TNFα, IL-6) genes decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treated adipocytes as compared to the control, whereas lipolytic (ATGL, HSL), adiponectin, and antioxidant (SOD2, GPx4, CAT) genes increased significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, mRNA expression of preadipocyte gene (Pref-1) was stable in adipocytes treated with GBR from KDML105 for 19 days throughout the differentiation, in contrast to the untreated cells. This study showed that by modulating adipogenic, adipocytokine, antioxidant, and preadipocyte gene expression, brown rice and germinated brown rice treatments of both PL2 and KDML105 cultivars may help reduce obesity.

show abstract

Availability of Partially Milled Rice as a Daily Source of .GAMMA.-Aminobutyric Acid

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

Methods for Enrichment of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Sesame Seeds

Effects of Brown Rice and Germinated Brown Rice Extracts from Thai Rice Cultivars (PL2 and KDML105) on Adipogenic, Adipocytokine, and Antioxidant Genes in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About