Autophagy during viral infection — a double-edged sword

Choi, Younho; Bowman, James W.; Jung, Jae U.

doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0003-6

Cited by 552 publications

(503 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…The inner autophagosome membrane is degraded by lysosome to complete fusion, autophagolysosome is formed, and the contents of autophagosomes are exposed to the lysosome. Then, cargo is degraded by autophagosome acidification and lysosomal hydrolase …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs play an essential role in autophagy regulation in various disease phenotypes

et al. 2019

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Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process and fundamental biological process in eukaryotic cells. It recycles intracellular components to provide nutrients during starvation and maintains quality control of organelles and proteins. In addition, autophagy is a well‐organized homeostatic cellular process that is responsible for the removal of damaged organelles and intracellular pathogens. Moreover, it also modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems. Micro ribonucleic acids (microRNAs) are a mature class of post‐transcriptional modulators that are widely expressed in tissues and organs. And, it can suppress gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs for translational repression or, at a lesser extent, degradation. Research indicates that microRNAs regulate autophagy through different pathways, playing an essential role in the treatment of various diseases. It is an important regulator of fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation, autophagy, and cell apoptosis. In this review article, we first review the current knowledge of autophagy and the function of microRNAs. Then, we summarize the mechanism of autophagy and the signaling pathways related to autophagy by citing at least the main proteins involved in the different phases of the process. Second, we introduce other members of RNA and report some examples in various pathologies. Finally, we review the current literature regarding microRNA‐based therapies for cancer, atherosclerosis, cardiac disease, tuberculosis, and viral diseases. MicroRNAs can cause autophagy upregulation or downregulation by targeting genes or affecting autophagy‐related signaling pathways. Therefore, the microRNAs have a huge potential in autophagy regulation, and it is the function as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs play an essential role in autophagy regulation in various disease phenotypes

et al. 2019

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“…Modulating autophagy is an example of recent advances in this research area [33,34]. A growing number of reports describe how virus proteins and SLiMs therein modulate autophagy to promote various aspects of their life cycle [34,35]. Both GO and ViralZone have developed concepts to detail Molecular mimicry: structural similarity that enables repurposing or hijacking of molecular function by pathogens, such as viruses.…”

Section: Viral Gene Ontologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blue arrows indicate 'part of' relations, which relate to the symbiont process as parts to a whole. autophagy processes, including positive and negative regulation of xenophagy, the selective autophagy of pathogens [33][34][35].…”

Section: Box 1 the Viralzone Ontology Outlines Viral Protein Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resources to Discover and Use Short Linear Motifs in Viral Proteins

Hraber

O’Maille

Silberfarb

et al. 2020

Trends in Biotechnology

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Viral proteins evade host immune function by molecular mimicry, often achieved by short linear motifs (SLiMs) of three to ten consecutive amino acids (AAs). Motif mimicry tolerates mutations, evolves quickly to modify interactions with the host, and enables modular interactions with protein complexes. Host cells cannot easily coordinate changes to conserved motif recognition and binding interfaces under selective pressure to maintain critical signaling pathways. SLiMs offer potential for use in synthetic biology, such as better immunogens and therapies, but may also present biosecurity challenges. We survey viral uses of SLiMs to mimic host proteins, and information resources available for motif discovery. As the number of examples continues to grow, knowledge management tools are essential to help organize and compare new findings.

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“…Given the evolutionary ancient role of autophagy as a selective ‘self‐eating’ mechanism in cellular quality control and stress adaptation, it is not surprising that autophagy has also evolved as a key factor in the defence against ‘non‐self’ such as intracellular pathogens (Gomes and Dikic, ; Sharma et al , ; Wileman, ). In metazoans, it is well established that selective autophagy contributes to immunity against viruses by directly degrading their particles or individual proteins in a process known as xenophagy or virophagy (Choi et al , ; Judith et al , ; Orvedahl et al , ; Shelly et al , ). The targeting of viral structures typically involves autophagy receptors that recognize specific ‘eat‐me’ signals like ubiquitination and bind to phagophore‐localized ATG8 through the LC3/ATG8‐interacting region (LIR) (Gatica et al , ; Lai and Devenish, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy–virus interplay in plants: from antiviral recognition to proviral manipulation

Kushwaha

Hafrén

Hofius

2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Summary Autophagy is a conserved self‐cleaning and renewal system required for cellular homeostasis and stress tolerance. Autophagic processes are also implicated in the response to ‘non‐self’ such as viral pathogens, yet the functions and mechanisms of autophagy during plant virus infection have only recently started to be revealed. Compelling evidence now indicates that autophagy is an integral part of antiviral immunity in plants. It can promote the hypersensitive cell death response upon incompatible viral infections or mediate the selective elimination of entire particles and individual proteins from compatible viruses in a pathway similar to xenophagy in animals. Several viruses, however, have evolved measures to antagonize xenophagic degradation or utilize autophagy to suppress disease‐associated cell death and other defence pathways like RNA silencing. Here, we highlight the current advances and gaps in our understanding of the complex autophagy–virus interplay and its consequences for host immunity and viral pathogenesis in plants.

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Autophagy during viral infection — a double-edged sword

Cited by 552 publications

References 177 publications

MicroRNAs play an essential role in autophagy regulation in various disease phenotypes

MicroRNAs play an essential role in autophagy regulation in various disease phenotypes

Resources to Discover and Use Short Linear Motifs in Viral Proteins

Autophagy–virus interplay in plants: from antiviral recognition to proviral manipulation

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