MicroRNAs play an essential role in autophagy regulation in various disease phenotypes

Abstract

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process and fundamental biological process in eukaryotic cells. It recycles intracellular components to provide nutrients during starvation and maintains quality control of organelles and proteins. In addition, autophagy is a well‐organized homeostatic cellular process that is responsible for the removal of damaged organelles and intracellular pathogens. Moreover, it also modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems. Micro ribonucleic acids (microRNAs) are a mature class of post‐transcriptional modulators that are widely expressed in tissues and organs. And, it can suppress gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs for translational repression or, at a lesser extent, degradation. Research indicates that microRNAs regulate autophagy through different pathways, playing an essential role in the treatment of various diseases. It is an important regulator of fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation, autophagy, and cell apoptosis. In this review article, we first review the current knowledge of autophagy and the function of microRNAs. Then, we summarize the mechanism of autophagy and the signaling pathways related to autophagy by citing at least the main proteins involved in the different phases of the process. Second, we introduce other members of RNA and report some examples in various pathologies. Finally, we review the current literature regarding microRNA‐based therapies for cancer, atherosclerosis, cardiac disease, tuberculosis, and viral diseases. MicroRNAs can cause autophagy upregulation or downregulation by targeting genes or affecting autophagy‐related signaling pathways. Therefore, the microRNAs have a huge potential in autophagy regulation, and it is the function as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis

“…In AS, VSMCs present abnormal proliferation and migration, and foam cells formed by macrophages will gradually accumulate in endothelial cells, thereby forming atherosclerotic plaques. Besides, autophagy and apoptosis of VSMCs are also involved in the development process of AS and play a regulatory role in AS [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] ].…”

Mechanism of Methylprednisolone‐Induced Primary Cilia Formation Disorder and Autophagy in Osteoblasts

“…The loss of cartilage cells, osteocyte, and osteoblasts is hypothesized to drive SANFH, although the type of cell death is not completely clear. Autophagy is an auto‐catabolic recycling process of eukaryotic cells that is frequently dysregulated in cancer, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, aging, etc. Our preliminary results show that SANFH is associated with autophagy, and the autophagy‐related Beclin 1 and microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3) are upregulated in osteoblasts.…”

The role of microRNAs in cell death pathways

“…Additionally, miR-630 is considered to be a target of ATG12 [96]. Beclin-1, the main component of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K-III) complex, is negatively regulated by miR-376b, miR-30a, and miR-216a, which leads to decreased autophagic activity [91,[97][98][99]. Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a wellknown proapoptotic and suppressor of metastasis.…”

Autophagy, Metabolism, and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Novel Modulators and Functions

“…MiRNAs are a class of short ncRNAs (normally containing about 22 nucleotides) that can guide the binding of the RNA-induced silencing complex to target messenger RNA molecules, leading to degradation and/or translational inhibition of messenger RNA [51]. Dozens of miRNAs have been found to regulate autophagy with impacts on the core autophagy pathways [51,52,53]. In the liver, miR-26 could inhibit autophagy and enhance chemosensitivity of HCC cells [54].…”

New insights into the evasion of host innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…Interference with host microRNAs (miRNAs) is another efficient strategy by which Mtb disturbs the host autophagy pathway, as shown by miRNA often simultaneously targeting multiple interrelated genes, thereby leading to a potent cumulative effect on a certain molecular pathway. 128 Mycobacteria can modulate the expression of diverse host miRNAs, such as miR-33 and its passenger strands miR-33*, miR‐125a, miR-17, miR-155, and MIR144*, which results in autophagy inhibition through the direct repression of a wide range of key autophagy effectors. 70 , 129 – 132 In addition, we recently found that Mtb infection induces the expression of miR-27a, the miRNA that targets the ER-located Ca 2+ transporter CACNA2D3 to inhibit the downstream calcium-associated xenophagy pathway in the host.…”