Autophagy: An Intracellular Degradation Pathway Regulating Plant Survival and Stress Response

Su, Tong; Li, Xuezhi; Yang, Mingyue; Shao, Qun; Zhao, Yanxiu; Ma, Changle; Wang, Pingping

doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00164

Cited by 136 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 182 publications

(223 reference statements)

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“…STING seems to be regulated by a noncanonical autophagy pathway, as ATG7 deletion has no effect on STING function, whereas loss of ATG9L1 does [88]. This could be due to the different functions of ATG7 and ATG9L1 in the autophagy pathway, in which ATG9L1 plays a role in the organisation of pre-autophagosomal structure/ phagophore assembly sites, whilst ATG7 functions as an E1-like activating enzyme for ATG12 and the ATG8 family [89]. STING can also activate noncanonical autophagy that is dependent on ATG5, which results in degradation of STING following TBK1 activation [90].…”

Section: Autophagy Regulates the Cgas-sting Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy, the innate immune response and cancer

Gerada

Ryan

2020

Molecular Oncology

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Both autophagy, a cellular recycling process, and the innate immune response can have different effects on tumour formation at different stages. Interestingly, autophagy and the innate immune response interact during tumorigenesis to have both tumour‐promoting and tumour‐inhibiting affects. By dissecting the interaction between autophagy and the innate immune response during tumour formation, novel therapeutic strategies may be identified.

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Section: Autophagy Regulates the Cgas-sting Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy, the innate immune response and cancer

Gerada

Ryan

2020

Molecular Oncology

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“…Found in all eukaryotic cells, autophagy is a pathway to degrade cytoplasmic content. This is achieved by forming specialized autophagic vesicles which are delivered to the vacuole for degradation [ 50 ]. There are three types of autophagy which have been described in plants: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and mega-autophagy [ 51 ].…”

Section: Ubiquitin-mediated Regulation Of Autophagy In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay between the Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Ubiquitin-Mediated Autophagy in Plants

Yang

Wang

et al. 2020

Cells

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All eukaryotes rely on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy to control the abundance of key regulatory proteins and maintain a healthy intracellular environment. In the UPS, damaged or superfluous proteins are ubiquitinated and degraded in the proteasome, mediated by three types of ubiquitin enzymes: E1s (ubiquitin activating enzymes), E2s (ubiquitin conjugating enzymes), and E3s (ubiquitin protein ligases). Conversely, in autophagy, a vesicular autophagosome is formed that transfers damaged proteins and organelles to the vacuole, mediated by a series of ATGs (autophagy related genes). Despite the use of two completely different componential systems, the UPS and autophagy are closely interconnected and mutually regulated. During autophagy, ATG8 proteins, which are autophagosome markers, decorate the autophagosome membrane similarly to ubiquitination of damaged proteins. Ubiquitin is also involved in many selective autophagy processes and is thus a common factor of the UPS and autophagy. Additionally, the components of the UPS, such as the 26S proteasome, can be degraded via autophagy, and conversely, ATGs can be degraded by the UPS, indicating cross regulation between the two pathways. The UPS and autophagy cooperate and jointly regulate homeostasis of cellular components during plant development and stress response.

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“…Various mechanisms of activation of autophagy exist for the sole purpose of adapting through cellular stresses. Autophagy is categorized into three groups: microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy [198]. Microautophagy is a process of degradation of cellular components by direct engulfment of the cytosolic components into lysosomes [199].…”

Section: Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Homeostasis Networks and the Use of Yeast to Guide Interventions in Alzheimer’s Disease

Dhakal

Macreadie

2020

IJMS

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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive multifactorial age-related neurodegenerative disorder that causes the majority of deaths due to dementia in the elderly. Although various risk factors have been found to be associated with AD progression, the cause of the disease is still unresolved. The loss of proteostasis is one of the major causes of AD: it is evident by aggregation of misfolded proteins, lipid homeostasis disruption, accumulation of autophagic vesicles, and oxidative damage during the disease progression. Different models have been developed to study AD, one of which is a yeast model. Yeasts are simple unicellular eukaryotic cells that have provided great insights into human cell biology. Various yeast models, including unmodified and genetically modified yeasts, have been established for studying AD and have provided significant amount of information on AD pathology and potential interventions. The conservation of various human biological processes, including signal transduction, energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, stress responses, oxidative phosphorylation, vesicle trafficking, apoptosis, endocytosis, and ageing, renders yeast a fascinating, powerful model for AD. In addition, the easy manipulation of the yeast genome and availability of methods to evaluate yeast cells rapidly in high throughput technological platforms strengthen the rationale of using yeast as a model. This review focuses on the description of the proteostasis network in yeast and its comparison with the human proteostasis network. It further elaborates on the AD-associated proteostasis failure and applications of the yeast proteostasis network to understand AD pathology and its potential to guide interventions against AD.

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Autophagy: An Intracellular Degradation Pathway Regulating Plant Survival and Stress Response

Cited by 136 publications

References 182 publications

Autophagy, the innate immune response and cancer

Autophagy, the innate immune response and cancer

Interplay between the Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Ubiquitin-Mediated Autophagy in Plants

Protein Homeostasis Networks and the Use of Yeast to Guide Interventions in Alzheimer’s Disease

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