Autonomous velocity and density profiler: EM-APEX

Sanford, Thomas B.; Dunlap, John H.; Carlson, James A.; Webb, Doug; Girton, James B.

doi:10.1109/ccm.2005.1506361

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…It combines the vertical temperature profiles from an EM-APEX float with the nearby temperature measurements from the two Lagrangian floats. The EM-APEX floats also showed the evolution of the currents in the upper ocean (Sanford et al 2005). Figure 16 shows rapid deepening of the mixed layer and associated high shear across the thermocline.…”

Section: Key Results From the Air-deployed Oceanographic Sensor Compomentioning

confidence: 99%

Air–Sea Exchange in Hurricanes: Synthesis of Observations from the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer Experiment

Black¹,

D’Asaro²,

Drennan³

et al. 2007

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

489

409

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Section: Key Results From the Air-deployed Oceanographic Sensor Compomentioning

confidence: 99%

Air–Sea Exchange in Hurricanes: Synthesis of Observations from the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer Experiment

Black¹,

D’Asaro²,

Drennan³

et al. 2007

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

489

409

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“…The EM-APEX is a Teledyne Webb Research Inc. APEX f loat with dual, orthogonal electrode arms, which sense the motionally induced electric currents in the ocean (Sanford et al 2005). In addition to measuring the velocity profile derived from the electric field measurements, relative to a depth-uniform offset, the float measured temperature, salinity, and pressure with a SeaBird 41 CTD.…”

Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

The LatMix Summer Campaign: Submesoscale Stirring in the Upper Ocean

Shcherbina

Sundermeyer

Kunze

et al. 2015

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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Lateral stirring is a basic oceanographic phenomenon affecting the distribution of physical, chemical, and biological fields. Eddy stirring at scales on the order of 100 km (the mesoscale) is fairly well understood and explicitly represented in modern eddy-resolving numerical models of global ocean circulation. The same cannot be said for smaller-scale stirring processes. Here, the authors describe a major oceanographic field experiment aimed at observing and understanding the processes responsible for stirring at scales of 0.1–10 km. Stirring processes of varying intensity were studied in the Sargasso Sea eddy field approximately 250 km southeast of Cape Hatteras. Lateral variability of water-mass properties, the distribution of microscale turbulence, and the evolution of several patches of inert dye were studied with an array of shipboard, autonomous, and airborne instruments. Observations were made at two sites, characterized by weak and moderate background mesoscale straining, to contrast different regimes of lateral stirring. Analyses to date suggest that, in both cases, the lateral dispersion of natural and deliberately released tracers was O(1) m2 s–1 as found elsewhere, which is faster than might be expected from traditional shear dispersion by persistent mesoscale flow and linear internal waves. These findings point to the possible importance of kilometer-scale stirring by submesoscale eddies and nonlinear internal-wave processes or the need to modify the traditional shear-dispersion paradigm to include higher-order effects. A unique aspect of the Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence (LatMix) field experiment is the combination of direct measurements of dye dispersion with the concurrent multiscale hydrographic and turbulence observations, enabling evaluation of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed dispersion at a new level.

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“…data were acquired by HRP2 during the 2010 cruise using procedures similar to Schmitt et al (1988), and on longer a time scale by freely drifting Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats (Sanford et al 2005(Sanford et al , 2007. Three EM-APEX floats were deployed with the tracer injection and sampled from 3 February to 27 November 2009 (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diapycnal Mixing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Ledwell

Laurent

Girton

et al. 2011

Journal of Physical Oceanography

101

104

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The vertical dispersion of a tracer released on a density surface near 1500-m depth in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current west of Drake Passage indicates that the diapycnal diffusivity, averaged over 1 yr and over tens of thousands of square kilometers, is (1.3 6 0.2) 3 10 25 m 2 s 21. Diapycnal diffusivity estimated from turbulent kinetic energy dissipation measurements about the area occupied by the tracer in austral summer 2010 was somewhat less, but still within a factor of 2, at (0.75 6 0.07) 3 10 25 m 2 s 21. Turbulent diapycnal mixing of this intensity is characteristic of the midlatitude ocean interior, where the energy for mixing is believed to derive from internal wave breaking. Indeed, despite the frequent and intense atmospheric forcing experienced by the Southern Ocean, the amplitude of finescale velocity shear sampled about the tracer was similar to background amplitudes in the midlatitude ocean, with levels elevated to only 20%-50% above the Garrett-Munk reference spectrum. These results add to a long line of evidence that diapycnal mixing in the interior middepth ocean is weak and is likely too small to dictate the middepth meridional overturning circulation of the ocean.

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Autonomous velocity and density profiler: EM-APEX

Cited by 45 publications

References 1 publication

Air–Sea Exchange in Hurricanes: Synthesis of Observations from the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer Experiment

Air–Sea Exchange in Hurricanes: Synthesis of Observations from the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer Experiment

The LatMix Summer Campaign: Submesoscale Stirring in the Upper Ocean

Diapycnal Mixing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

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