Autonomous shipping and its impact on regulations, technologies, and industries

Kim, Mingyu; Joung, Tae-Hwan; Jeong, Byongug; Park, Han-Seon

doi:10.1080/25725084.2020.1779427

Cited by 55 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, the benefits from the reduced emissions of NO x and CO 2 are not monetized within the existing models, while these issues gain ever-increasing attention [62][63][64]. Similarly, the costs related to safeguarding the cyber security [65,66] remains an open question, as well as contingency operations, or any other safety critical area of conventional shipping that presently requires direct intervention of humans in case of failure. All these directly affect the costs of insurance of prospective autonomous ships, about which the authors of the reviewed documents remained silent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

Ziajka-Poznańska

Montewka²

2021

Applied Sciences

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The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

Ziajka-Poznańska

Montewka²

2021

Applied Sciences

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“…We analysed the data obtained through the interviews to elicit the patterns of value creation that can be enabled by MASS. We were partly guided by the categories that emerged in previous research on the benefits of MASS (Wright 2020;Kretschmann et al 2017;Meadow et al 2018;Kim et al 2020;Ghaderi 2019;Munim 2019), but we also induced several categories from the data. Thus, we did content analysis with deductive category application and further inductive category development (Mayring 2004).…”

Section: Research Setting and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a number of benefits of MASS that are discussed in the literature on the future of autonomous shipping. These include reduced operational, voyage and crew costs; increased safety of operations; and earning potential from new vessel designs (Meadow et al 2018;Kim et al 2020;Ghaderi 2019;Munim 2019). The potential to integrate MASS in the Internet of Things (IoT) within logistics and supply chains is yet another foundation of potential benefits (Ghaderi 2019).…”

Section: The Benefits Of Mass and Their Impact On Maritime Logistics Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating value through autonomous shipping: an ecosystem perspective

Tsvetkova

Hellström

2022

Marit Econ Logist

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The expected benefits of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) include increased safety, reduced costs and increased earning potential due to operational efficiencies and reduction in vessel manning. However, autonomous shipping enabled by such ships bears a greater potential than just replacing humans with machines. Rather, MASS can play a role in transforming supply and logistics chains. The value creation potential of these ships depends on the degree to which they disrupt logistics. Our aim here is to clarify how MASS create value and for whom, as well as how different actors in the maritime logistics ecosystem are able to monetize or otherwise benefit from the innovation. Based on interviews with experts in maritime logistics and autonomous technology, and a desktop study of the opinions of the leaders in maritime innovation, we analyse the different facets of value creation by MASS. We distinguish between the two key sources of value – onboard crew reduction and increased ship intelligence and their effects (cost reductions, earning potential, increased safety and system value) – and explicate for which actors in the ecosystem the value is created. We identify the key changes in the maritime logistics ecosystem, which concern the changing roles of technology providers, shipowners and operators, and we highlight the need for developing complementary infrastructure and activities in the ecosystem.

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“…In most occupational contexts, even with the rise of automated tools and services, it is well established that human error will always be relevant as long there is a social-technical element. This is true with the maritime sector, as no matter how prevalent technology becomes, the human element will always be a part of the picture through training, legal, and ethics issues (Kim et al 2020). Moreover, the role of humans and human error with autonomous systems are often grossly misunderstood, as human-autonomous relationships do exist and are often highly complex (Porathe, Prison, and Man 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential mental health effects of remote control in an autonomous maritime world

Tam

Hopcraft

Crichton

et al. 2021

Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs

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Many maritime activities, such as loading, unloading and transporting cargoes, consist primarily of long periods of low-stress, with some moments of high stress during complex manoeuvres or unanticipated, dangerous, incidences. The increase in autonomy provided by machines and AI is beginning to take over certain tasks in the maritime sector, to reduce costs and mitigate human error. However, with the current levels of autonomous technology available, legislation, and public trust in the technology, such solutions are only able to remove majority of tasks associated with low-stress periods. In fact, many current remote control solutions still suggest relying on human operators to deal with the complex situations AI struggle with. Such a human-automation relationship could endanger the human element. The concern is that, if the human user is spending a disproportionate part of their time dealing with multiple, unconnected, high-stress tasks, without periods to de-stress, this could increasingly put workers at risk. This paper seeks to highlight potential technical, social, and mental, issues that may arise as the sector begins implementing semi-autonomous and fully autonomous maritime operations.

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Autonomous shipping and its impact on regulations, technologies, and industries

Cited by 55 publications

References 7 publications

Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

Creating value through autonomous shipping: an ecosystem perspective

The potential mental health effects of remote control in an autonomous maritime world

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