The production of wild-type-free stocks of recombinant parvovirus minute virus of mice [MVM(p)] is difficult due to the presence of homologous sequences in vector and helper genomes that cannot easily be eliminated from the overlapping coding sequences. We have therefore cloned and sequenced spontaneously occurring defective particles of MVM(p) with very small genomes to identify the minimal cis-acting sequences required for DNA amplification and virus production. One of them has lost all capsid-coding sequences but is still able to replicate in permissive cells when nonstructural proteins are provided in trans by a helper plasmid. Vectors derived from this particle produce stocks with no detectable wild-type MVM after cotransfection with new, matched, helper plasmids that present no homology downstream from the transgene.The autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice [MVM(p)] is a lytic virus that replicates as an episome, preferentially in transformed cells. Given its oncotropism but also its innocuousness in the adult host and its resistance to extreme pH and temperatures, MVM(p) has been proposed as a vector for the gene therapy of cancer (34). The 5-kb single-stranded DNA genome of MVM(p) is organized into two overlapping transcription units. The early P4 promoter controls transcription of the nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2. The pleiotropic NS1 protein is responsible for the cytotoxic activity of MVM(p) in transformed cells (6, 10), is required for viral DNA amplification, and can positively or negatively affect the activity of homologous or heterologous promoters (26). NS1 also transactivates the second promoter, P38, thus allowing the synthesis of capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 at the end of the viral cycle (15).We have previously derived a recombinant parvovirus from MVM(p) that transfers the cDNA for human interleukin-2 (IL-2). This virus is defective since part of the genes coding for capsid proteins (VP) is deleted. Transducing recombinant virus can, however, be produced if VP proteins are provided in trans by a cotransfected helper plasmid (35) or from genes integrated into the host chromosome (packaging cells) (7, 17). However, these stocks are contaminated by wild-type (WT) virus, which renders impossible their amplification through serial infections. The WT virus is generated through homologous recombination between vector and helper DNAs. Ideally, removing all sequence homology between these DNA sequences should prevent the formation of WT virus. However, data from Astell et al. suggest that a cis-acting element, necessary for DNA replication, overlaps the capsid-coding genes (2). On the other hand, data obtained from the study of defective particles indicate that particles as small as 15% of the size of WT MVM(p) are able to replicate. These defective particles are generated spontaneously during high-multiplicity infections (19) and are selectively amplified during serial infections. They vary in size from 15 to 70% of that of WT MVM(p), but they always retain the two terminal palindromes of 1...