Automotive Waste Heat Conversion to Electric Power using Skutterudite, TAGS, PbTe and BiTe

LaGrandeur, John; Crane, Doug; Hung, S.T.; Mazar, Boris; Eder, Alexander

doi:10.1109/ict.2006.331220

Cited by 110 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In most vehicle applications currently being explored, the TE device employs heat exchangers to carry heat from the exhaust system to the hot side of the device (and isolate the device from peak exhaust system temperatures) as well as to remove heat from the cold side of the device [8,11]. The cold side commonly uses ethylene glycol as a working fluid, either shared with the engine cooling loop or using its own dedicated radiator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While TE generators have the potential to increase vehicle fuel economy by converting a portion of engine waste heat to electricity [7,8], that electricity can be used in several ways. Conventional vehicles could derive a fuel economy benefit by using the extra electrical power to reduce alternator loads and/or electrically drive accessories such as power steering [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility of Thermoelectrics for Waste Heat Recovery in Conventional Vehicles

Smith¹,

Thornton²

2009

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Executive SummaryThermoelectric (TE) generators convert heat directly into electricity when a temperature gradient is applied across the junctions of two dissimilar metals. These devices have the potential to increase the fuel economy of conventional vehicles by recapturing a portion of the waste heat from the engine exhaust and generating electricity to power a vehicle's accessory loads.At present, device efficiencies are low (~5%); however, thin-film and quantum well technologies offer the possibility of higher efficiency in the future (~10 % to 15%). Four vehicle platforms are considered: a midsize car, a midsize sport utility vehicle, a Class 4 truck, and a Class 8 truck. A simple vehicle and engine waste heat model shows that the Class 8 truck presents the least challenging requirements for TE system efficiency, mass, and cost. This is because Class 8 trucks have a relatively large amount of exhaust waste heat, have low mass sensitivity, and travel a high number of miles per year, all of which help to maximize fuel savings and economic benefits.A driving and duty cycle analysis for the Class 8 truck elucidates trade-offs in system sizing and shows the strong sensitivity of waste heat, and thus TE system electrical output, to vehicle speed and driving cycle. It is not feasible for a TE system to replace the alternator, as too little waste heat is available during city driving and/or idling.Together with a typical alternator, a TE system could enable the electrification of 8% to 15% of a Class 8 truck's accessories, providing 2% to 3% fuel savings. Additional electrification would require a larger alternator and battery to augment the TE system so that adequate electrical power is available during low-speed driving and idling. Achieving an economic payback in three years dictates that the TE system cost less than roughly $450/kW, requiring an almost tenfold reduction from today's costs. Such a cost reduction might be enabled in the future by thin-film devices that use expensive TE junction materials more efficiently.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Thermoelectrics for Waste Heat Recovery in Conventional Vehicles

Smith¹,

Thornton²

2009

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“…The system consisted of 8 TEG modules of 62mmX62mm in size. It was determined that an exhaust heat recovery system with the same TEG thermal efficiency and heat exchanger efficiency as tested would result in a potential 1 …”

Section: Summary/conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large multinational car companies like BMW [1], Ford [2], Honda [3] and Renault [4] have demonstrated their interest in exhaust heat recovery, developing systems that make use of thermoelectric generators (TEGs). TEGs are heat engines with no moving parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental testing of a car exhaust heat recovery system utilising TEGs and heat pipes

Orr

Akbarzadeh

2016

VTE-J

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On the left is a schematic of the exhaust heat recovery system and on the right is the full system assembly.Orr, Bradley and Akbarzadeh, Aliakbar RMIT ABSTRACTExhaust heat recovery systems are used to make use of otherwise wasted heat from a car engine. The purpose of exhaust heat recovery systems is to potentially reduce the fuel consumption of the car and consequently reduce CO2 emissions and running costs. The unique system design described herein utilises thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and heat pipes with its key advantage being it is a passive solid state design. The use of heat pipes allows for more flexible designs as the TEG location is not limited to the exhaust pipe surface. Testing was undertaken on a car with a 3.0L V6 engine. The theoretical modeling was shown to be valid at relatively low exhaust temperatures but deviates at higher exhaust temperatures. It is believed that the heat pipes are operating beyond their capacity at higher temperatures so the model deviates. In all test conditions the power loss due to pressure drop in the exhaust duct was always lower than the electrical power output. Repeat tests were conducted and the results were found to be consistent. When testing the system at different orientations, the bottom heat mode was found to be the best option. After all testing, the maximum power output of the system was 38W from the 8 62mmX62mm TEGs used. The rate of heat transfer in this case was 1541W with the resultant TEG efficiency being 2.46%. The calculated potential reduction in CO2 emissions, fuel consumption and fuel costs was 1.57%.Paper Number Vol N, No N (YYYY) SAE-A Vehicle Technology Engineer -Journal (VTE-J)

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“…[1][2][3][4] Theoretical studies on segmented legs 5,6 state that it is possible to increase the absolute efficiency from about 5% in commercially available materials to 18%. Various compounds are considered as materials for construction of segmented legs, with Bi 2 Te 3 , 5,7,8 skutterudites (e.g., CoSb 3 -based materials), 8,9 lead tellurides, 10,11 silicon-germanium alloys, 12,13 zinc antimonides, 14,15 and Te/Sb/Ge/Ag (TAGS) materials such as (AgSbTe) 0.15 (GeTe) 0.85 , 16,17 being only some of the most commonly investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sedimentation of Atoms on Structural and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi-Sb Alloys

Januszko

Stabrawa²,

Ogata

et al. 2016

Journal of Elec Materi

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Functionally graded thermoelectric materials (FGTMs) have been prepared by sedimentation of atoms under a strong gravitational field. Starting samples of Bi x Sb 1Àx alloys with different composition x were synthesized by melting of metals and subsequent annealing of quenched samples. The thermoelectric properties (Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity) of the starting materials were characterized over the temperature range from 300 K to 525 K. Strong gravity experiments were performed in a unique ultracentrifuge apparatus under acceleration of over 0.5 9 10 6 G at temperatures of 538 K and 623 K. Changes of the microstructure and chemical composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis. The distribution of the Seebeck coefficient of the Bi-Sb alloys was characterized by scanning thermoelectric microprobe. As a result of sedimentation, large changes in chemical composition (x = 0.45 to 1) were obtained. It was found that the changes in chemical composition were correlated with alterations of the Seebeck coefficient. The obtained experimental data allowed the development of a semiempirical model for the selection of optimal processing parameters for preparation of Bi-Sb alloys with required thermoelectric properties.

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Automotive Waste Heat Conversion to Electric Power using Skutterudite, TAGS, PbTe and BiTe

Cited by 110 publications

References 2 publications

Feasibility of Thermoelectrics for Waste Heat Recovery in Conventional Vehicles

Feasibility of Thermoelectrics for Waste Heat Recovery in Conventional Vehicles

Experimental testing of a car exhaust heat recovery system utilising TEGs and heat pipes

Influence of Sedimentation of Atoms on Structural and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi-Sb Alloys

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