Automotive Lithium-ion Battery Supply Chain and U.S. Competitiveness Considerations

Abstract

These manufacturing cost model results ("Data") are provided by the Na,onal Renewable Energy Laboratory ("CEMAC"), which is operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC ("Alliance") for the U.S. Department of Energy (the "DOE"). It is recognized that disclosure of these Data is provided under the following condi,ons and warnings: (1) these Data have been prepared for reference purposes only; (2) these Data consist of forecasts, es,mates or assump,ons made on a best-efforts basis, based upon present expecta,ons; and (3) these Data were prepared with exis,ng informa,on and are subject to change without no,ce. The names DOE/CEMAC/ALLIANCE shall not be used in any representa,on, adver,sing, publicity or other manner whatsoever to endorse or promote any en,ty that adopts or uses these Data. DOE/CEMAC/ALLIANCE shall not provide any support, consul,ng, training or assistance of any kind with regard to the use of these Data or any updates, revisions or new versions of these Data.

Hybrid nonlinear observer for battery state‐of‐charge estimation using nonmonotonic force measurements

“…The easiest method for estimation of SOC is coulomb counting, which is essentially measuring and integrating the current from the battery over time, as in Equation (1). Even though this method seems straightforward, an integrator is a marginally stable dynamic system and is highly prone to drift errors.…”

“…Lithium-ion cells dominate the battery market for automotive propulsion and for consumer electronics due to their advantages of high energy density and slow self-discharge. 1,2 The state-of-charge (SOC) of a lithium-ion battery is a basic indicator of the fraction of charge that remains in the battery cells. SOC needs to be estimated accurately in real time, since it is indicative of the remaining range of operation of the battery, which is especially critical in the case of an electrical vehicle.…”

The «traditional» materials for new economy

“…In the medium to long term, a doubling of range or halving of costs appears to be [7,37]. As can be seen, in 2014 the global manufacturing capacity for Li-ion battery cells for all applications was ca.…”

Electrospun Nanomaterials for Energy Applications: Recent Advances

“…It is of fundamental importance that the future systems for EES, besides exhibiting outstanding electrochemical performance to meet the ever-increasing market requirements, also be sustainable. Since their first commercialization by Sony in 1991, the pricing of LIBs has continuously been dropping due to the expansion of worldwide production capacity, increased by 11% between 2015 and 2016 [103], and oversupply of the produced power (only 40% of available 53 GWh produced in 2015 was used [104]). However, due to the LIB penetration in automotive and on-grid storage markets and the consequent increasing consumption of lithium, this trend is destined to reverse.…”