Automobile dependence in cities: An international comparison of urban transport and land use patterns with implications for sustainability

Walking to Public TransitSteps to Help Meet Physical Activity Recommendations

“…23 Although an association between lower income and decreased car ownership has been found in previous studies, the relation is not always straightforward. 24,25 Cities like Toronto, with wealth levels comparable to U.S. cities, have planning that favors nonautomotive modes of transportation, and their residents use transit at much higher levels. 25 Even though low-income groups obtain higher walk times to and from transit, many other factors influence obesity rates in these populations.…”

Urban Structure and Air Quality

“…[28,29] have related fuel consumption per capita to population density for a large number of cities around the world, and found a consistent pattern with higher densities associated with lower fuel consumption. [30] compared a group of world cities over the period 1980 to 1990 regarding its land use and transport characteristics. The study demonstrated the importance of urban density in explaining annual per capita auto use, with annual kilometres travelled per capita strongly inversely correlated with urban density.…”

Factors Affecting E-bike Mode Choice in a Medium-sized Chinese City

“…Jennifer Dill (2012) has interviewed 28 electric bicycle owners in Portland, USA, and found that the majority of people using e-bikes were women, elderly and physically disabled, and the most important reason for their choice to use e-bikes was to travel far with relatively less manpower. But in terms of physical exercise, walking and traditional bicycles, were more effective than ebikes (Kenworthy et al, 1996).…”