Automation in the Construction of a 3D-Printed Concrete Wall with the Use of a Lintel Gripper

Hoffmann, Marko; Skibicki, Szymon; Pankratow, Paweł; Zieliński, A.; Pajor, M.; Techman, Mateusz

doi:10.3390/ma13081800

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…All the ratios were calculated in accordance to the mass of products. The base mix design adopted in this study was developed by the authors, as the result of numerous-mainly unpublished-tests and experiments related to 3D printing technology [30][31][32]. Three 1350-mm-long samples of concrete were printed from each mix for shrinkage tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Curing Methods on Shrinkage Development in 3D-Printed Concrete

et al. 2020

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Technological developments in construction have led to an increase in the use of 3D modelling using CAD environments. The popularity of this approach has increased in tandem with developments in industry branches which use 3D printers to print concrete based printing materials in construction, as these allow freedom in shaping the dimensions of supporting elements. One of the biggest challenges for researchers working on this highly innovative technology is that of cement material shrinkage. This article presents the findings of research on an original method of measuring deformations caused by shrinkage in 3D-printed concrete elements. It also discusses the results of tests on base mixes, as well as comparisons between the influence of internal and external curing methods on the development of deformations and their final outcomes. Furthermore, the article discusses differences between deformations formed after seven days of hardening without curing, with those which occur when two common, traditional concrete curing methods are used: foil insulation and shrinkage reducing admixtures. In addition, the article examines the effects of internal curing on the 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 day mechanical properties of concrete, in accordance with EN 196-1 and EN 12390-2. Studies have shown that the optimal amount of shrinkage reducing admixtures is 4% (in relation to the mass of cement), resulting in a reduction in total shrinkage of 23%. The use of a shrinkage reducing admixture in 3D-printed concrete does not affect their strength after 28 days, but slows the strength development during the first 7 days.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Curing Methods on Shrinkage Development in 3D-Printed Concrete

et al. 2020

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“…AM technology has a manifold of benefits, when compared to conventional concrete construction projects. First, this technology offers new structural possibilities, which cannot be achieved with a conventional construction process (Pacewicz et al 2018;Hoffmann et al 2020). Due to unprecedented architectural freedom, advanced structures without increasing the costs or decreasing productivity due to the complexity of the design can be produced (Labonnote and Rüther 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of nano- and micro-sized additives on 3D printable cementitious and alkali-activated composites: a review

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred as 3D printing, is a technology that enables building automated three-dimensional objects in a layer-by-layer manner. AM of cement-based and alkali-activated composites has gathered attention over the last decade and is one of the most rapidly developing civil engineering fields. Development of proper mixture compositions which are suitable in fresh and hardened state is one of the key challenges of AM technology in construction. As the behaviour of cement-based materials (CBM) and alkali-activated materials (AAM) is determined by chemical and physical processes at the nano-level, incorporation of nano- and micro-sized admixtures has great influence on the performance of printable composites. These modifications are attributed to the unique reactivity of nanoparticles associated with their small size and large surface area. This review paper summarizes recent developments in the application of nano- and micro-particles on 3D printable cementitious composites and how they influence the performance of 3D-printed construction materials. The research progress on nano-engineered CBM and AAM is reviewed from the view of fresh and hardened properties. Moreover, comparison between nano- and micro-sized admixtures including nanosilica, graphene-based materials, and clay nanoparticles as well as chemical admixtures such as viscosity-modifying admixtures and superplasticizers is presented. Finally, the existing problems in current research and future perspectives are summarized. This review provides useful recommendations toward the significant influence of nano- and micro-sized admixtures on the performance of 3D printable CBMs.

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“…For higher values, the stiffness of the fresh concrete changes significantly (Figures 7-10). A similar value and explanation of the assumptions can be found in [70]. Moreover, extensive deformation of the fresh concrete can exceed the strength of its internal forces causing yield and nullification of its bearing capacity [83].…”

Section: Properties Of Fresh MIX In the Printing Simulation Test (Squmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The article presents the test results of eight concrete mixtures, four with a constant, high amount of binder B = 840 kg/m 3 selected on the basis of previous research conducted by the authors [26,70] and four with a low amount of binder B = 640 kg/m 3 . Mixes were made using Portland cement CEM I 52,5R (European Standard EN 197-1:2000) or a composition of 70% cement, 20% fly ash (FA) and 10% silica fume (SF).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to further reduce the negative environmental impact of producing concrete elements, it is necessary to design the concrete mix in an appropriate way. Many research teams use mixes with a high cement content [7,8,26,36,70] in order to obtain required properties for printing, which increases the negative impact on the environment. To reduce the amount of cement in 3D printed mixes, it is recommended to use reactive and inert mineral additives, such as silica fume, fly ash, metakaolin, limestone powder, and quartz powder, similarly as in high-performance concretes [7,8,26,[71][72][73][74][75].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction

2020

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Despite the rapid development of 3D printing technology for cement composites, there are still a number of unsolved issues related to extrusion printing. One of them is proper mix design that allows for meeting criteria related to the printing of cementitious materials, such as pumpability, buildability, consistency on the materials, flowability and workability, simultaneously incorporating sustainable development ideas. In the case of mixes for 3D printing, the modification of the composition which increases the overall performance does not always go hand in hand with the reduction of negative environmental impact. The article presents the results of tests of eight mixtures modified with reactive and inert mineral additives designed for 3D printing. The mixes were evaluated in terms of their rheological and mechanical properties as well as environmental impact. Initial test results were verified by printing hollow columns up until collapse. Later, the differences between the compressive strength of standard samples and printed columns were determined. In order to summarize the results, a multi-faceted analysis of the properties of the mixes was carried out, introducing assessment indicators for its individual parameters. The article proves that appropriate material modification of mixes for 3D printing can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment without hindering required 3D printing properties.

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Automation in the Construction of a 3D-Printed Concrete Wall with the Use of a Lintel Gripper

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of Curing Methods on Shrinkage Development in 3D-Printed Concrete

Effect of Curing Methods on Shrinkage Development in 3D-Printed Concrete

The effects of nano- and micro-sized additives on 3D printable cementitious and alkali-activated composites: a review

3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction

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