“…In principle, the detection of buried, cm-sized objects by high-frequency acoustic transducers in the upper decimeters of a sediment substrate is possible. Objects of previous investigations included, e.g., gas bubbles of up to 6 mm diameter down to 6 cm sediment depth targeted at 1.0-2.27 MHz [32], clams and artificial worm tubes targeted at 1.6 MHz along with 2D profiles with a horizontal resolution of 20 mm [33], clams buried in glass beads of different size investigating the effect of grain size on the signal at 1 MHz [34], lotus roots with a diameter of 2.5-3 cm at 100 kHz [35], including seasonal monitoring [36], the effect of artificial burrows and worm tubes on sound speed and attenuation at 100-400 kHz [37], artificial cylinders as a substitute for telecommunications cables targeted with a 75 kHz sweep at sample spacing of 2-5 cm [38], and trawl marks targeted with a parametric array of 40 transducers at 30-300 kHz [39]. If applied to biological and biogeochemical studies, these non-invasive methods minimize the risk of relocating endobenthic structures during measurement, prevent disturbance during transportation, and preserve unstable sediment surfaces.…”