Automatic intraluminal scanning with a steerable endoscopic optical coherence tomography catheter for gastroenterology applications

Abstract

Significance: Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables real-time optical biopsy of human organs. Endoscopic probes require miniaturization of optics, which in turn limits field of view. When larger imaging areas are needed such as in the gastrointestinal tract, the operator must manually scan the probe over the tissue to extend the field of view, often resulting in an imperfect scanning pattern and increased risk of missing lesions. Automatic scanning has the potential to extend the field of view of OCT, allowing the user to focus on image interpretation during real-time observations. Aim: This work proposes an automatic scanning using a steerable OCT catheter integrated with a robotized interventional flexible endoscope. The aim is to extend the field of view of a lowprofile OCT probe while improving scanning accuracy and maintaining a stable endoscope's position during minimally invasive treatment of colorectal lesions.Approach: A geometrical model of the steerable OCT catheter was developed for estimating the volume of the accessible workspace. Experimental validation was done using electromagnetic tracking of the catheter's positions. An exemplary scanning path was then selected within the available workspace to evaluate motion performance with the robotized steerable OCT catheter. Automatic scanning is compared to a teleoperated one and a manual scanning with a nonrobotized flexible endoscope. Spectral arc length, scanning area, spacing between scan trajectories, and time are metrics used to quantify performance. Results:The available scanning workspace was experimentally estimated to be 255 cm 3 . The automatic scanning mode provided the highest accuracy and smoothness of motion with spectral arc length of −3.18, covered area of 10.11 cm 2 , 1.54 mm spacing between 15 sweep trajectories, maximum translation of 27.99 mm, and time to finish of 3.11s.Conclusions: Automatic modality improved the accuracy of scanning within a large workspace. The robotic capability provided better control to the user to define spacing resolution of scanning patterns.

Motor-free telerobotic endomicroscopy for steerable and programmable imaging in complex curved and localized areas

“…These potential threats and challenges have thus far precluded the use of a PMSM-based endomicroscope in thermoelectric-sensitive scenarios. On the other hand, current robotic OCT endoscopes primarily rely on supplementary torque transmission systems, predominantly cable-driven, and their large dimensions restrict their applicability within lumens with a diameter of less than 2 mm 32,33,34 .…”