Automatic activation of phonology in silent reading is parallel: Evidence from beginning and skilled readers

Alario, F.‐Xavier; Cara, Bruno De; Ziegler, Johannes C.

doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.02.001

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…The development of parallel letter identification is therefore hypothesized to cause a shift from a strictly sequential letter encoding (that outputs an ordered set of phonemes) to a more parallel mapping of letters onto higher-level orthographic representations such as graphemes and affixes, that retains the same level of precision as the strictly sequential mechanism (see Alario et al, 2007). Whether or not the mapping of graphemes onto phonemes also becomes more parallel is another issue still open to debate (see Carreiras et al, 2005, for evidence that this process is sequential at the level of syllable representations).…”

Section: A Multiple-route Account Of Learning To Read Wordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing

Grainger¹,

Ziegler²

2011

Front. Psychology

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362

373

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In the present theoretical note we examine how different learning constraints, thought to be involved in optimizing the mapping of print to meaning during reading acquisition, might shape the nature of the orthographic code involved in skilled reading. On the one hand, optimization is hypothesized to involve selecting combinations of letters that are the most informative with respect to word identity (diagnosticity constraint), and on the other hand to involve the detection of letter combinations that correspond to pre-existing sublexical phonological and morphological representations (chunking constraint). These two constraints give rise to two different kinds of prelexical orthographic code, a coarse-grained and a fine-grained code, associated with the two routes of a dual-route architecture. Processing along the coarse-grained route optimizes fast access to semantics by using minimal subsets of letters that maximize information with respect to word identity, while coding for approximate within-word letter position independently of letter contiguity. Processing along the fined-grained route, on the other hand, is sensitive to the precise ordering of letters, as well as to position with respect to word beginnings and endings. This enables the chunking of frequently co-occurring contiguous letter combinations that form relevant units for morpho-orthographic processing (prefixes and suffixes) and for the sublexical translation of print to sound (multi-letter graphemes).

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Section: A Multiple-route Account Of Learning To Read Wordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing

Grainger¹,

Ziegler²

2011

Front. Psychology

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362

373

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“…Recently, a considerable amount of research evidence supports the idea of an early and automatic activation of phonological encoding in visual word recognition [1], [2], [3], [4]. This literature is mostly based on the research findings in alphabetic scripts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Extraction of Lexical Tone Phonology in Chinese Characters: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study

Wang

Liu

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundIn alphabetic languages, emerging evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies shows the rapid and automatic activation of phonological information in visual word recognition. In the mapping from orthography to phonology, unlike most alphabetic languages in which there is a natural correspondence between the visual and phonological forms, in logographic Chinese, the mapping between visual and phonological forms is rather arbitrary and depends on learning and experience. The issue of whether the phonological information is rapidly and automatically extracted in Chinese characters by the brain has not yet been thoroughly addressed.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe continuously presented Chinese characters differing in orthography and meaning to adult native Mandarin Chinese speakers to construct a constant varying visual stream. In the stream, most stimuli were homophones of Chinese characters: The phonological features embedded in these visual characters were the same, including consonants, vowels and the lexical tone. Occasionally, the rule of phonology was randomly violated by characters whose phonological features differed in the lexical tone.Conclusions/SignificanceWe showed that the violation of the lexical tone phonology evoked an early, robust visual response, as revealed by whole-head electrical recordings of the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), indicating the rapid extraction of phonological information embedded in Chinese characters. Source analysis revealed that the vMMN was involved in neural activations of the visual cortex, suggesting that the visual sensory memory is sensitive to phonological information embedded in visual words at an early processing stage.

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“…Most researchers tend to agree that phonology is activated in lexical access in alphabetic writing systems such as English, in which graphemes map onto phonemes (Alario, De Cara, & Ziegler, 2007;Berent & Perfetti, 1995;Frost, 1998). However, the activation of phonology in logographic writing systems such as Chinese, in which graphemes map onto syllables and morphemes, is less clear-cut.…”

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confidence: 99%

The activation of segmental and tonal information in visual word recognition

Lin

Wang

et al. 2013

Psychon Bull Rev

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Mandarin Chinese has a logographic script in which graphemes map onto syllables and morphemes. It is not clear whether Chinese readers activate phonological information during lexical access, although phonological information is not explicitly represented in Chinese orthography. In the present study, we examined the activation of phonological information, including segmental and tonal information in Chinese visual word recognition, using the Stroop paradigm. Native Mandarin speakers named the presentation color of Chinese characters in Mandarin. The visual stimuli were divided into five types: color characters (e.g., 红, hong2, "red"), homophones of the color characters (S+T+; e.g., 洪, hong2, "flood"), different-tone homophones (S+T-; e.g., 轰, hong1, "boom"), characters that shared the same tone but differed in segments with the color characters (S-T+; e.g., 瓶, ping2, "bottle"), and neutral characters (S-T-; e.g., 牵, qian1, "leading through"). Classic Stroop facilitation was shown in all color-congruent trials, and interference was shown in the incongruent trials. Furthermore, the Stroop effect was stronger for S+T-than for S-T+ trials, and was similar between S+T+ and S+T-trials. These findings suggested that both tonal and segmental forms of information play roles in lexical constraints; however, segmental information has more weight than tonal information. We proposed a revised visual word recognition model in which the functions of both segmental and suprasegmental types of information and their relative weights are taken into account.

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Automatic activation of phonology in silent reading is parallel: Evidence from beginning and skilled readers

Cited by 26 publications

References 46 publications

A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing

A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing

Rapid Extraction of Lexical Tone Phonology in Chinese Characters: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study

The activation of segmental and tonal information in visual word recognition

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