Automated HPLC Fractionation of PCDDs and PCDFs and Planar and Nonplanar PCBs on C18-Dispersed PX-21 Carbon

Feltz, Kevin P.; Tillitt, Donald E.; Gale, Robert W.; Peterman, Paul H.

doi:10.1021/es00003a019

Cited by 47 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Unlike feeding trials, they allow a rapid and cost-effective means of determining toxicity of individual compounds or mixtures. Furthermore, a number of egg injection studies have effectively established the impacts of hydrophilic and hydrophobic vehicles and compounds, including PCBs, dioxins, PBDEs, dibenzofurans, perfluorooctane sulfonate, and methyl mercury [45,51,52,[54][55][56][57][58][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. These studies have contributed to our understanding of toxicity profiles and measurement endpoints, and have given us data useful in directly estimating the egg concentrations in wild birds and the modes/timing of maternal transfer [10,63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uptake of radiolabeled 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl into Japanese quail egg compartments and embryo following air cell and albumen injection

Dean

Baltos

Marcell

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The avian embryo is an excellent model for testing adverse developmental effects of environmental chemicals as well as uptake and movement of xenobiotics within the egg compartments. Before incubation at embryonic day 0, 14 C 3,3 0 ,4, 4 0 -tetrachlorobiphenyl ( 14 C PCB 77) was injected into Japanese quail eggs either onto the air cell or into the albumen. All egg components were collected on embryonic day 1, 5, or 10, and concentrations of 14 C PCB 77 were measured in various egg components (shell, membrane, yolk, albumen, and embryo). The results showed measurable 14 C PCB 77 in all egg components, with changing concentrations in each egg component over the course of embryonic development. Specifically, concentrations in the shell content decreased between embryonic days 1 and 10, increased in albumen from embryonic days 1 to 5 and then decreased at embryonic day 10, and increased in both yolk and embryo from embryonic days 1 to 10. Vehicle and injection site both influenced 14 C PCB 77 allantoic fluid concentrations, with little effect on other egg components except for the inner shell membrane. The fatty acid vehicle injected into the albumen yielded the highest 14 C PCB 77 recovery. These findings demonstrate dynamic movement of toxicants throughout the egg components during avian embryonic development and a steady increase of relatively low levels of 14 C PCB 77 in the embryo compared with the yolk, albumen, and shell, suggesting that embryonic uptake (i.e., exposure) mirrors utilization of egg components for nutrition and growth during development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:126-135. C 2017 SETAC

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Egg components, except shells, were extracted according to Feltz and colleagues [70]. Briefly, the entire yolk, albumen, allantois, or homogenized embryo was mixed with anhydrous sodium phosphate (Fisher Scientific) until the material appeared dry.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of radiolabeled 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl into Japanese quail egg compartments and embryo following air cell and albumen injection

Dean

Baltos

Marcell

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…These parameters are crucial for Ah-receptor binding as the initial step of dioxin-like effects. The additional separation steps include electron-donor-acceptor chromatography for the separation of planar and nonplanar PCBs, PCNs, and dioxin and furan congeners on 2-(1-pyrenyl)ethyldimethylsilylated silica (PYE) [31,56], activated carbon [52,53,88] or C18-dispersed PX-21 activated carbon [89,90], and size-exclusion chromatography for the separation of PCNs from PCDD/Fs [56]. As an example, a fractionation scheme successfully applied for the identification of Ah receptor-mediated toxicants is given in Fig.…”

Section: Solid Samples Including Air Particulate Matter Sediments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Brack

2003

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

395

238

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Wastewater effluents, groundwater, surface water, sediments, soils and air particulate matter are often contaminated by a multitude of chemicals. Since often no a priori knowledge of relevant toxicants exists, chemical analysis alone is not an appropriate tool for hazard assessment. Instead, a linkage of effect data and hazardous compounds is required. For that purpose, effect-directed analysis (EDA) was developed, which is based on a combination of biotesting, fractionation procedures and chemical analytical methods. Since a controversial discussion about the prospects of success in relation to the expense exists, the current methodological state of EDA for organic toxicants in complex mixtures and important results are reviewed in this paper with the aim of establishing criteria for the successful use of this promising tool. While EDA is a powerful tool to identify specifically acting individual toxicants close to the source of emission, it is inappropriate for screening purposes and often may fail in remote areas where the concentrations of specific toxicants are too low relative to the nonspecific toxicity of the whole mixture of natural and anthropogenic compounds. The biological tools have to be carefully selected with respect to their ability to detect specific effects and their significance in hazard assessment. Sophisticated chemical tools are required to identify individual toxicants in mixtures of thousands of compounds, which are typical for contaminated environments.

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“…Im Anschluss daran oder alternativ dazu kommen präparative NP-HPLC-Verfahren unter Verwendung von Silica (Fernandez et al, 1992), Cyanopropyl- (Durant et al, 1998), Polyaminocyanopropyl- (Marvin et al, 1995) oder Nitrophenylphasen (Brack und Schirmer, 2003;Brack et al, 2003b) zum Einsatz. Für die wirkungsorientierte Identifizierung Dioxin-ähnlicher halogenierter aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe wurden zusätzliche Fraktionierungsschritte nach Planarität, Chlorierungsgrad und Molekülgröße empfohlen (Brack, 2003): Die zusätzlichen Schritte beinhalten Elektrondonor-AkzeptorChromatographie auf einer 2-(1-Pyrenyl)ethyldimethylsilica- (Brack et al, 2003b;Brack et al, 2002), Aktivkohle- (Zebühr et al, 1993;Engwall et al, 1997) oder C18-dispergierte PX-21 Aktivkohle (Feltz et al, 1995) zur Trennung von planaren und nicht-planaren PCBs und polychlorierte Naphthaline (PCNs) und PCDD/Fs mit unterschiedlichem Chlorierungsgrad sowie Größenausschlusschromatographie zur Trennung von PCNs und PCDD/Fs. In Ergänzung zu HPLC-gestützten Trennverfahren kann die präparative Kapillargaschromatographie (pcGC) zur Isolierung wirksamer Verbindungen aus Fraktionen eingesetzt werden (Meinert und Brack, 2005).…”

Section: Fraktionierungunclassified

Wirkungsorientierte Analytik komplexer Mischungen Erfahrungen aus der Umwelt- und Ökotoxikologie für die Lebensmitteluntersuchung

Brack

2006

J. Verbr. Lebensm.

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Automated HPLC Fractionation of PCDDs and PCDFs and Planar and Nonplanar PCBs on C18-Dispersed PX-21 Carbon

Cited by 47 publications

References 27 publications

Uptake of radiolabeled 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl into Japanese quail egg compartments and embryo following air cell and albumen injection

Uptake of radiolabeled 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl into Japanese quail egg compartments and embryo following air cell and albumen injection

Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Wirkungsorientierte Analytik komplexer Mischungen Erfahrungen aus der Umwelt- und Ökotoxikologie für die Lebensmitteluntersuchung

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