Automated 3D Reconstruction of LoD2 and LoD1 Models for All 10 Million Buildings of the Netherlands

Abstract

In this paper, we present our workflow to automatically reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) building models based on two-dimensional building polygons and a lidar point cloud. The workflow generates models at different levels of detail (LoDs) to support data requirements of different applications from one consistent source. Specific attention has been paid to make the workflow robust to quickly run a new iteration in case of improvements in an algorithm or in case new input data become available. The quality of the reconstructed data highly depends on the quality of the input data and is monitored in several steps of the process. A 3D viewer has been developed to view and download the openly available 3D data at different LoDs in different formats. The workflow has been applied to all 10 million buildings of the Netherlands. The 3D service will be updated after new input data becomes available.

Creation of a Citygml-Based 3d City Model Testbed for Energy-Related Applications

“…In 2021, the 3D Geoinformation Group at TU Delft published a country-wide 3DCM dataset, called 3DBAG v.2.0, containing all buildings in the Netherlands in three different levels of detail (LoD1.2, LoD1.3 and LoD2.2) (Peters et al, 2022). It combines two main datasets, the Addresses and Buildings Key Registry (Basisregistraties Adressen en Gebouwen, BAG), the database where Dutch municipalities store the information on local addresses and buildings managed by the Land Registry Office Dutch (kadaster, 2022); the AHN (Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland) which is the digital height map of the Netherlands that contains detailed and precise height data (point clouds LiDAR) with an average of 8 points per square meter.…”

Applying Versioning to Multi-Lod 3d City Models

“…3D BAG is a dataset of all buildings in the Netherlands in 3D (Peters et al, 2022). The buildings are created based on two open datasets of the country: the footprints of buildings from the "Basisregistraties Adressen en Gebouwen" (BAG), or the Building and Address register of the Netherlands; and LiDAR point data from the "Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland" (AHN), the national height model of the Netherlands.…”

“…Our intention is to evaluate the feasibility and usefulness of storing different LoDs as different branches, so that lineage of semantics and attributes is separated from that of geometries; and individual LoDs hold their own line of evolution for their geometry. We use 3D BAG (Peters et al, 2022) as a use case; 3D BAG is a dataset which contains 3D models of all buildings in the Netherlands in three LoDs: LoD1.2, LoD1.3 and LoD2.2. 3D city models have been standardized since the introduction of CityGML, which is now in its third iteration (Kolbe et al, 2021).…”

Distributed processing of Dutch AHN laser altimetry changes of the built-up area

“…Nowadays, even multi-directional change detection is used to detect the dominant movement direction of the ground (Williams et al, 2021). Most recent studies achieved to generate 3D models from building footprints and airborne LiDAR point clouds (Dukai et al, 2019), even on a LoD2 level, thus representing buildings with roof shapes (Peters et al, 2022). Such detailed urban building databases can be used widely, e.g.…”