Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes

Alshiekh, Shehab; Larsson, Helena; Ivarsson, Sten-A.; Lernmark, Åke

doi:10.1002/9781118924853.ch10

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…T1DM accounts for the majority of young-onset diabetes cases and shows family aggregation, indicating a genetic background. Result from the study of the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium showed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes represent almost 50% of the familial risk for developing T1DM, from which HLA class II DR and DQ alleles are the most specific [9,10]. Recent results suggest that some environmental factors (for example maternal factors, viral infections, and toxic substances) in genetically predisposed subjects may also play a role in the development of T1DM [9].…”

Section:  Prace Oryginalnementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Result from the study of the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium showed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes represent almost 50% of the familial risk for developing T1DM, from which HLA class II DR and DQ alleles are the most specific [9,10]. Recent results suggest that some environmental factors (for example maternal factors, viral infections, and toxic substances) in genetically predisposed subjects may also play a role in the development of T1DM [9]. The immunemediated pathogenesis in T1DM features islet-specific autoantigens, antigen-specific beta cell-destroying T-cell clones, and the subsequent inflammation of islets.…”

Section:  Prace Oryginalnementioning

confidence: 99%

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Chromogranina A i jej rola w patogenezie cukrzycy

Herold

Doleschall²,

Kövesdi

et al. 2018

Endokrynologia Polska

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Chromogranin A is a member of the granin glycoprotein family that is expressed by the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells of different organs. Intracellularly, Chromogranin A contributes to the regulation of secretion, and gives several cleavage products after secretion. Some of its cleavage products modify the hormone functions in autocrine and paracrine ways, while the functions of others have not been fully understood yet. Serum Chromogranin A level is most prominently used in neuroendocrine tumor diagnostics. In addition, recent studies have suggested that Chromogranin A and some of its cleavage products, pancreastatin and WE-14, also play important roles in the pathogenesis of the various forms of diabetes mellitus, but their exact mechanisms still need to be clarified. Higher Chromogranin A, pancreastatin and WE-14 levels have been reported in type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetic patients compared to healthy controls. A notable connection has been inferred through the observation that type 1 diabetes mellitus is not at all or rarely developed in Chromogranin A gene-knockout, non-obese diabetic model mice compared to non-knockout, non-obese diabetic mice. Pancreastatin inhibits insulin release in various cell and animal models, and WE-14 serves as an autoantigen for both CD4+ and CD8+ beta cell-destructive diabetogenic T-cell clones in type 1 diabetes. Chromogranin A contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus according to the available literature. The current findings facilitate further investigation to unravel the deeper relationships between this glycoprotein and diabetes.

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Section:  Prace Oryginalnementioning

confidence: 99%

Section:  Prace Oryginalnementioning

confidence: 99%

Chromogranina A i jej rola w patogenezie cukrzycy

Herold

Doleschall²,

Kövesdi

et al. 2018

Endokrynologia Polska

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“…Data from international literature shows the prevalence of GAD autoantibodies, IA-2 autoantibodies, ZnT8 autoantibodies, and IAA to be in the range of 70%–80%, 60%–70%, 60%–80%, and 40%–90%, respectively in children with new onset T1DM. [ 1 ] Studies done earlier from this country had shown that GAD antibody is present in 64.7%, IA2 antibody in 19.3%, and ZnT8 antibody is present in 31.8%. [ 6 ] This is in clear contrast to our study where we had a much higher positivity for GAD antibody and IAA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 12 ] As per western literature, the prevalence of GAD autoantibodies, IA-2 autoantibodies, and ZnT8 autoantibodies are 70%–80%, 60%–70%, and 60%–80%, respectively in children with new onset T1DM. [ 1 ] The insulin autoantibodies (IAA) are present in 90% of children who progress to T1DM before the age of 5 years with only 40%–50% of those older than 15 years. [ 1 ] Persistently autoantibody negative (PAN), retested at median diabetes diabetes duration of 3.2 yrs is reported to occur in 5% of subjects with TIDM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profile of auto-antibodies (Disease related and other) in children with type 1 diabetes

Basu

Pandit

Banerjee

et al. 2020

Indian J Endocr Metab

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Background: Type 1 diabetes is associated with several disease-related and other organ-specific autoimmune disorders. Data related to various auto-antibodies in Type 1 diabetes in India is limited. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 92 subjects with T1DM (33 males, 59 females) were evaluated for T1DM related antibodies (autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), autoantibodies to protein tyrosine phosphatise (anti-IA2), anti-islet cell antibody (ICA), insulin autoantibody (IAA), anti-Zinc Transporter(ZnT8) and other organ specific auto antibodies like anti–thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb), IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (IgA anti-tTG), anti-21-hydroxylase, and anti-ovarian antibody (in females). Results: Anti-GAD, IA-2, islet cell antibody, insulin autoantibodies (IAA), ZnT8 antibody were present in 79.3%, 32.6%, 61.9%, 63%, and 20.65% subjects, respectively. Only 2.2% patients with Type 1 diabetes were antibody negative. At least one antibody was found in 97.8% and at least two antibodies in 67.3%. The presence of anti-TPO, anti-thyroglobulin, IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase, anti 21-hydroxylase were found in 51%, 25%, 22.8%, and 2.1%, respectively. Anti-ovarian antibody was absent in all females of our study population. The duration of diabetes positively correlated with the number of T1DM specific antibody and also with GAD antibody positivity. Anti TPO positivity correlated with the age of onset of T1DM, but not with the duration of disease or presence of other T1DM specific autoantibody. Conclusions: T1DM is associated with a high prevalence of autoantibodies and antibody negative T1DM is rare. The association with other organ specific antibody (especially thyroid and adrenal glands) and celiac disease is also substantial, which reinforces the importance of regular thyroid and celiac disease screening in T1DM subjects. The duration of diabetes positively correlated with number of T1DM specific antibodies.

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The diabetes pandemic and associated infections: suggestions for clinical microbiology

Toniolo¹,

Cassani

Puggioni

et al. 2019

Reviews in Medical Microbiology

115

124

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There are 425 million people with diabetes mellitus in the world. By 2045, this figure will grow to over 600 million. Diabetes mellitus is classified among noncommunicable diseases. Evidence points to a key role of microbes in diabetes mellitus, both as infectious agents associated with the diabetic status and as possible causative factors of diabetes mellitus. This review takes into account the different forms of diabetes mellitus, the genetic determinants that predispose to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (especially those with possible immunologic impact), the immune dysfunctions that have been documented in diabetes mellitus. Common infections occurring more frequently in diabetic vs. nondiabetic individuals are reviewed. Infectious agents that are suspected of playing an etiologic/triggering role in diabetes mellitus are presented, with emphasis on enteroviruses, the hygiene hypothesis, and the environment. Among biological agents possibly linked to diabetes mellitus, the gut microbiome, hepatitis C virus, and prion-like protein aggregates are discussed. Finally, preventive vaccines recommended in the management of diabetic patients are considered, including the bacillus calmette-Guerin vaccine that is being tested for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Evidence supports the notion that attenuation of immune defenses (both congenital and secondary to metabolic disturbances as well as to microangiopathy and neuropathy) makes diabetic people more prone to certain infections. Attentive microbiologic monitoring of diabetic patients is thus recommendable. As genetic predisposition cannot be changed, research needs to identify the biological agents that may have an etiologic role in diabetes mellitus, and to envisage curative and preventive ways to limit the diabetes pandemic.

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Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes

Cited by 4 publications

References 119 publications

Chromogranina A i jej rola w patogenezie cukrzycy

Chromogranina A i jej rola w patogenezie cukrzycy

Profile of auto-antibodies (Disease related and other) in children with type 1 diabetes

The diabetes pandemic and associated infections: suggestions for clinical microbiology

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