Autoimmune Hepatitis: a Review of Established and Evolving Treatments

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a necroinflammatory liver disease commonly presenting with a fluctuating course of activity, presence of circulating autoantibodies, hyperglobulinemia of IgG, and/or response to immunosuppressive drugs. However, the disease displays a considerable heterogeneity. No single clinical or biochemical test may establish diagnosis of AIH. Thus, diagnosis still requires extensive clinical evaluation and experience. Prednisolone and azathioprine are considered standard treatment leading to remission in most patients. However, this standard treatment may not be effective in some patients or not be feasible due to one of these drugs. Over the past two decades additional immunosuppressant drugs for the treatment of AIH have been evaluated and have significantly extended the therapeutic spectrum. Among those novel drugs are mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, everolimus, 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, rituximab and several others. In this review we summarize the current standard of therapy but also efforts of providing novel therapeutic strategies to AIH patients.

Uma abordagem geral da hepatite autoimune: revisão de literatura

“…A não adesão é um problema clínico frequente, particularmente em adolescentes e adultos jovens, e muitas vezes é devido a efeitos colaterais reais ou percebidos do tratamento. Deve-se sempre suspeitar em caso de recidiva enquanto estiver em dose estável de drogas imunossupressoras (BERETTA-PICCOLI BT, et al, 2017;BISCHOFF S, et al, 2020).…”

Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate S100-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis via Modulating Th1 and Th17 Cell Responses in Mice

“…Serologically, AIH is characterized by elevated transaminase levels, abundant polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG), and characteristic autoantibodies [ 1 ]. Currently, steroid hormones administered alone or in combination with azathioprine represent the first-line treatment for AIH; however, not all patients respond well to this treatment, with some patients experiencing strong adverse effects [ 2 , 3 ]. Eventually, a certain percentage of patients with AIH will experience end-stage liver disease and need liver transplantation.…”