Autoignition behavior and emission of biodiesel from palm oil, waste cooking oil, tyre pyrolysis oil, algae and jatropha

A Review on the Recent Breakthrough Methods and Influential Parameters in the Biodiesel Synthesis and Purification

“…Algae, plant oil, food sources, lignocellulosic materials, and other sources can be used to produce biodiesel (Abo et al, 2019;Alami et al, 2021;Baskar et al, 2018;Keera et al, 2018;Li et al, 2012;Saputra Nursal et al, 2021). Moreover, biodiesel is commonly made through the transesterification process, which involves reacting oils with short-chain alcohol to form alkyl esters and glycerol with the use of a catalyst.…”

“…Meanwhile, the secondgeneration biodiesel was generated using cellulose substrates such as short-rotation trees, grassland plants, and urban trash. Jatropha is a non-edible feedstock, which necessitates a large quantity of farmland and produces low oil (Baskar et al, 2018;Keera et al, 2018;Saputra Nursal et al, 2021). Based on current research, the development of alternative ways to lessen food farmland rivalry was continued until the discovery of microalgae as a reliable and rich biofuel feedstock recognized as the thirdgeneration of biodiesel.…”

“…Based on current research, the development of alternative ways to lessen food farmland rivalry was continued until the discovery of microalgae as a reliable and rich biofuel feedstock recognized as the thirdgeneration of biodiesel. Microalgae-based biodiesel is a feasible third-generation option since it has no impact on food sources (Abo et al, 2019;Alami et al, 2021;Saputra Nursal et al, 2021). It can also be used for both effluent phytoremediation and fabrication of biodiesel and also to remove carbon dioxide from the air (Abo et al, 2019).…”

“…Fish oils and beef tallows are the most common animal fat sources, while vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, castor berry, palm pulp, palm kernel oil, sunflower seeds, coconut kernel, cottonseed, peanut grain, and canola seed were used in the biodiesel manufacturing process (Athar and Zaidi, 2020;Pinzi et al, 2014;Yusuff et al, 2021). Microalgae can increase their biomass in 24 hours, with the quickest half-life of approximately 3.5 hours, which makes them an attractive sustainable source for biodiesel synthesis (Abo et al, 2019;Alami et al, 2021;Saputra Nursal et al, 2021). Its enormous amount and use of richer nitrogen, as well as phosphorus in wastewater as an inexpensive source of nutrients, benefits from algae cultivation.…”

Production and performance evaluation of biodiesel from Elaeis guineensis using natural snail shell-based heterogeneous catalyst: kinetics, modeling and optimisation by artificial neural network

“…The type and concentration of fatty acid in vegetable oils vary signicantly, and the vegetable oil's composition depends on the choice of catalyst. 9,10 Elaeis guineensis, commonly known as the African oil palm, is an upright, one-stemmed palm tree that can grow up to 20-30 meters tall and has an adventitious root system. 11 It has a total saturated fatty acid content of 87.92% and a total unsaturated fatty acid content of 12.08%.…”