Autobiographical memory specificity in response to verbal and pictorial cues in clinical depression

Ridout, Nathan; Dritschel, Barbara; Matthews, Keith; O’Carroll, Ronan E.

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.01.002

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Further, the lack of correlation with MDD and PTSD symptomatology suggests that the impaired executive control mechanism operates independently of the two disorders, and is instead a direct mechanism contributing to the phenomenon of reduced autobiographical memory specificity observed in these disorders. This is consistent with previous research on the relationship between executive control and OGM (Ellis & Ashbrook, 1988;Hertel & Hardin, 1990;Neshat-Doost et al, 2008;Ridout et al, 2016;Sumner et al, 2011).…”

Section: Capture and Rumination (Car)supporting

confidence: 92%

“…Consistent with this expectation are findings that point to slower retrieval of positive memories in those with MDD (Ridout, Dritschel, Matthews, & O'Carroll, 2016).…”

Section: Conway and Pleydell-pearce's Self-memory Model According Tomentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Autobiographical memory specificity was assessed using a computerized version of the AMT. The AMT is the standard assessment procedure used in the vast majority of OGM and autobiographical memory specificity studies (Debeer, Hermans, & Raes, 2009;Debeer et al, 2012;Heeren et al, 2009;Hitchcock, Nixon, & Weber, 2014;Neshat-Doost et al, 2008;Ono & Devilly, 2013;Ridout et al, 2016;Schoofs et al, 2013;Sutherland & Bryant, 2008;Valentino et al, 2012;Wessel et al, 2014). The standard version of the AMT is administered orally and uses five negatively and five positively valenced affective words to probe participants for a "specific memory" (i.e., a memory of one event that occurred one time, over the space of no more than one day).…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining a Hierarchical Linear Regression Model of Overgeneral Memory

Davis

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Overgeneral memory (OGM) is a phenomenon of reduced autobiographical memory specificity observed in major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals demonstrating OGM tend to describe past events generally rather than specifically recalling single memory occurrences. Research shows that OGM is perpetuated by three mechanisms: capture in the memory hierarchy due to trait rumination (CaR), functional avoidance of specific memory retrieval (FA), and impaired executive control (X), which together make up the CaR-FAX model of OGM. Research on the CaR-FAX model has historically looked at each mechanism in isolation. The current research aimed to compare the contributions of all three mechanisms to a measure of OGM, as well as to investigate possible interactions between the mechanisms, and compare the contributions of the CaR-FAX model to those of an encoding predictor. Psychometric data on the three CaR-FAX mechanisms, autobiographical memory specificity, cognitive attributional style, and mental health were collected from 107 undergraduate psychology students via online surveys, then analyzed in a hierarchical linear regression model. Executive control explained significant unique variance in OGM, with rumination making an indirect contribution. No other anticipated contributions from the CaR-FAX model or memory encoding were observed. Methodological issues in non-clinical and computerized OGM research are highlighted. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is the culmination of my time in the Master of Arts in Research and Experimental Psychology program. I count my time in this program as a success, which would not have been possible without the help and support of numerous individuals. First, I would like to thank my parents, Mark and Carrie Davis, for their continued love and support throughout my studies leading up to and including this graduate program. I would not have been able to make it this far if not for their constant encouragement and their insistence on prioritizing my studies. For that, I am eternally grateful. Second, I would like to thank my thesis committee. Special thanks to Dr. Mark Van Selst for agreeing to support this thesis topic and for painstakingly combing through this document with me on multiple occasions. Great appreciation is also due to Dr. Annabel Prins for her involvement in this project and continued thoughtful feedback regarding the clinical implications of this research. Thanks also to Drs. Sean Laraway and Greg Feist for their assistance in the editing phase of this project. Thank you to all four of you for helping me create a thesis that I am proud of. I would also like to thank all of the SJSU faculty under whom I have had the opportunity to study during this program for equipping me with the skills necessary to complete this study. Thanks also to Rob Most of Mind Garden, Inc. for his guidance and use of the WAYS Escape-Avoidance subscale, and to Ashleigh King for her assistance in rating the AMT responses. Finally, I would like to thank my friends...

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Section: Capture and Rumination (Car)supporting

confidence: 92%

“…Consistent with this expectation are findings that point to slower retrieval of positive memories in those with MDD (Ridout, Dritschel, Matthews, & O'Carroll, 2016).…”

Section: Conway and Pleydell-pearce's Self-memory Model According Tomentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining a Hierarchical Linear Regression Model of Overgeneral Memory

Davis

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“…Other recent studies, however, show that cue method has little effect. For example, no differences in memory specificity were observed in depressed individuals when using pictorial or verbal cues (Ridout, Dritschel, Matthews, & O'Carroll, 2016). Another study recently found that the interaction between self-relevance, valence, and depression scores accounted for differential performance between dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants on the AMT (Matsumoto & Mochizuki, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of metamemory in autobiographical memory performance in dysphoric individuals

King¹

2021

Preprint

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Autobiographical memory (AM) performance in individuals with depressive symptoms has repeatedly been shown to be overgeneral (OGM) in nature, and characterized by summaries of repeated events or long periods of time rather than a single event tied to a unique spatial and temporal context. The present body of work was designed to address the metamnemonic aspects of AM performance in dysphoric individuals, with the underlying motivation being that OGM may not be a unique phenomenon specific to depression or AM, and that it may reflect a more general pattern of memory impairment. The studies presented herein examine various aspects of metamemory and other memory processes that may offer a parsimonious account of OGM as poor event memory in general, rather than a specific standalone finding. In Study 1 several metamnemonic processes were investigated using a quantity-accuracy profile approach. Here, the results showed that performance between dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants was nearly indistinguishable on measures of calibration, resolution, grain-size setting, and criterion setting, suggesting that these aspects of metamemory are intact in dysphoria for immediately tested material. Study 2 examined whether it is possible to “create” OGMs by employing a delay manipulation for both autobiographical (3 day delay) and laboratory-based events (7 day delay). Indeed, the results from this study showed that the performance on both tasks declines for both groups, but that this effect was of a greater magnitude in the dysphoric group. Critically, no differences emerged for immediately tested information. Finally, Study 3 examined the role of working memory and memory search strategies in the recollection of autobiographically relevant information. The results from Study 3 showed that dysphoric individuals may engage in a less organized search strategy than non-dysphoric participants as exhibited by a tendency to switch set in the midst of thematically related information. Taken as a whole, these data indicate that OGM may be attributable to deficits in memory search strategies in conjunction with memories that may be more prone to decay and/or forgetting, suggesting that OGM may not be a depression-specific phenomenon, but rather the downstream deficit of degraded memory representation.

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“…Positive autobiographical memories are associated with greater well-being, in contrast to the high anxiety that is related to negative memories ( Merrill et al, 2016 ). Several studies have revealed that, when presented with a cue that elicits a memory, depressed persons recall less specific, more general memories than do nondepressed individuals, whether the cues are words ( Champagne et al, 2016 ) or images ( Ridout et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autobiographical Memory, Gratitude, Forgiveness and Sense of Humor: An Intervention in Older Adults

2021

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Research has shown that happiness and well-being play a fundamental role in the health of older adults. For this reason, programs based on Positive Psychology seek to improve quality of life, preventing and reducing the appearance of emotional disorders. The objective of this study was to verify whether an intervention based on Autobiographical Memory, Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Sense of humor would increase quality of life in institutionalized older adults. We used a quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-intervention measures and follow-on measures at 3, 6, and 12 months. A total of 111 institutionalized older adults participated in the study and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: experimental (n = 36), placebo (n = 39), and control (n = 36). Measurements were taken of depression, subjective happiness, satisfaction with life, psychological well-being, and specific memories. Program duration was 11 weeks, followed by refresher sessions of the activities that had been conducted. The results showed that the intervention was effective, producing lasting increase in the participating adults’ well-being, maintained for the following 12 months, in contrast to the other two groups. In conclusion, the proposed intervention proved to be a novel tool that was effective, easily applied, and able to improve quality of life and emotional disorders in older adults.

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Autobiographical memory specificity in response to verbal and pictorial cues in clinical depression

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Examining a Hierarchical Linear Regression Model of Overgeneral Memory

Examining a Hierarchical Linear Regression Model of Overgeneral Memory

The role of metamemory in autobiographical memory performance in dysphoric individuals

Autobiographical Memory, Gratitude, Forgiveness and Sense of Humor: An Intervention in Older Adults

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