Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in focal and generalized epilepsy: A study on 233 patients

Errichiello, Luca; Perruolo, Giuseppe; Pascarella, Angelo; Formisano, Pietro; Minetti, Carlo; Striano, Salvatore; Zara, Federico; Striano, Pasquale

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.010

Cited by 76 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, high levels of GAD antibodies have been recorded in a number of neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, and epilepsy. High GAD levels have been found in 2% of patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsies (Errichiello et al 2009;Liimatainen et al 2009), and 6% of children with myoclonic epilepsy (Aykutlu et al 2005). Malter and colleagues (2010) investigated a large cohort (n ¼ 138) of recent-onset epilepsy patients of whom nearly half fulfilled the criteria for LE.…”

Section: Vgkc Complex Antibodies Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy

Vezzani

Lang

Aronica

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

183

145

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This review reports the available evidence on the activation of the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system and the related inflammatory processes in epileptic disorders and the putative pathogenic role of inflammatory processes developing in the brain, as indicated by evidence from experimental and clinical research. Indeed, there is increasing knowledge supporting a role of specific inflammatory mediators and immune cells in the generation and recurrence of epileptic seizures, as well as in the associated neuropathology and comorbidities. Major challenges in this field remain: a better understanding of the key inflammatory pathogenic pathways activated in chronic epilepsy and during epileptogenesis, and how to counteract them efficiently without altering the homeostatic tissue repair function of inflammation. The relevance of this information for developing novel therapies will be highlighted.

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Section: Vgkc Complex Antibodies Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy

Vezzani

Lang

Aronica

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

183

145

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“…[46][47][48] Çeşitli epilepsi gruplarını inceleyen iki büyük çalışmada, GAD antikoru özellikle kriptojenik epilepsi tanılı hastalarda pozitif bulunmuştur. [49,50] Ayrıca, G-amino bütirik asit reseptörleri (GABA-R) ve α-amino-3-hidroksi-5-metil-4-isoksazolpropionik asit reseptörleri (AMPA-R)'ne karşı gelişen antikorların saptandığı limbik ensefalit ve temporal epilepsili olgular da görülmekte-dir. [51,52] Öte yandan AMPA-R antikorları saptanan hastalarda epileptik nöbetlere daha az rastlanmıştır.…”

Section: Hemikonvülziyon-hemipleji Sendromuunclassified

Immunotherapy Responsive Epilepsies: General Clinical Features, Commonly Detected Antibodies and Treatment Studies

Eki̇zoğlu¹

2015

Epilepsi

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SummaryThe role of immunity and inflammation in epilepsy has long been considered and in recent years, discovery of some antibodies against to various neuronal antigens especially in cases refractory to conventional anti-epileptic drugs raised the concept of "autoimmune epilepsy". Immunotherapy may lead to significant benefits in cases with suspicion of autoimmune etiology. In this paper, epileptic pictures with a known autoimmune aspect as well as those pictures with recent increased awareness due to the discovery of neuronal auto-antibodies responding to immunotherapies and their management options are summarized.Keywords: Epilepsy; immunotherapy; autoantibodies; autoimmunity. ÖzetEpilepside immünite ve enflamasyonun rolü üzerinde uzun zamandır durulmakta olup, son yıllarda özellikle geleneksel antiepileptik ilaçlara dirençli olgularda birtakım nöronal antijenlere karşı gelişen antikorların saptanması ile "otoimmün epilepsi" kavramı doğmuştur. Otoimmün etiyolojiden şüphelenilen olgularda immün tedavinin başarılı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu yazıda otoimmün boyutu bilinen epilepsi tablolarının yanısıra, son yıllarda önemi artan immüntedaviye yanıtlı nöronal otoantikorlarla ilişkili tablolar ve tedavi seçenekleri özetlenmiştir.

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“…Bu hastaların 4'ü nedeni bilinmeyen TLE tanılıdır ve EEG'lerinde temporal odak izlenmiştir. [40] Mcknight ve ark. epilepsi ve nöbetle ilişkili hastalıkları olan hastaların %2.1'inin serumlarında yüksek düzeyde GAD antikorları saptamıştır.…”

Section: Voltaj Bağımlı Potasyum Kanal Kompleks (Vgkc) Antikorlarına unclassified

Common EEG Patterns in Autoimmune Encephalitis and Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes

Baysal-Kıraç¹

2015

Epilepsi

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SummaryAutoimmune encephalitis is a group of syndromes with subacute onset of amnesia, confusion and prominent seizures which may have paraneoplastic or immune-mediated etiology. Nearly half of the patients diagnosed with autoimmune limbic encephalitis have experienced seizures, prominently refractory nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. EEG is an important diagnostic tool in diagnosis and follow-up of the patients with autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we aim to review the EEG findings which were detected in the different autoimmun encephalitis and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

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Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in focal and generalized epilepsy: A study on 233 patients

Cited by 76 publications

References 14 publications

Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy

Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy

Immunotherapy Responsive Epilepsies: General Clinical Features, Commonly Detected Antibodies and Treatment Studies

Common EEG Patterns in Autoimmune Encephalitis and Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes

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