Authentication and differentiation of irish whiskeys by higher-alcohol congener analysis

Libby

J of Separation Science

et al. 2008

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography analysis of high-ethanol containing motor fuels A comprehensive 2-D GC (GC6GC) instrument equipped with a flow-switching modulator was used to determine the concentration of ethanol and eight other alcohols in a retail pump sample of E85 fuel. E85 is a mixture of ethanol and gasoline where the ethanol concentration can range from 70 to 85 vol%. The increased peak capacity and selectivity generated by GC6GC analysis allowed the alcohols to be fully resolved from the gasoline hydrocarbons. GC6GC analysis was compared to the performance obtained with the standard analytical method for determining ethanol in fuel ethanol (ASTM D5501) and the standard method for determining oxygenate concentrations in gasoline (ASTM D4815). The GC6GC analysis required 14 min while the combined ASTM D5501 and ASTM D4815 analyses required more than 60 min. The ethanol concentration obtained by GC6GC was in excellent agreement with the value obtained by the D5501 method. Poorer agreement was observed between the GC6GC and D4815 concentrations for the other alcohols present in E85. In all cases, the differences could be attributed to deficiencies in the D4815 method that led to coelutions between the alcohols and gasoline hydrocarbons.

Section: Gc6gc Analysis Of E85supporting

confidence: 91%

“…The alcohols larger than ethanol (i.e., 1-propanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol) are the most commonly observed fuel oils [20] All alcohol concentrations are reported in vol%.…”

Section: Gc6gc Analysis Of E85mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography analysis of high‐ethanol containing motor fuels

Libby

J of Separation Science

et al. 2008

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

“…Others have used UV-VIS absorption and/or pH to differentiate between different alcoholic spirits 7 , or pyrolysis followed by mass spectrometry to discriminate between the different brands of whisky 1,11 . Recently the volatile organic components in whiskies were analysed directly in the headspace 5 or using a pre-concentration technique: solid-phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) 4,6 . Only very limited published information is available on the metal concentration in whiskies 8 .…”

Section: -2863(9'8-32mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations into the Use of Copper and Other Metals as Indicators for the Authenticity of Scotch Whiskies

Adam

Duthie

Feldmann

2002

Trace element analyses were conducted on 35 Scotch Whiskies to investigate if the trace element fingerprint is characteristic for different kinds of Scotch Whiskies. The element concentrations of the eight elements investigated varied considerably; for zinc and iron three orders of magnitude (0.02 to 20 mg Zn L -1 and 0.02 to 28 mg Fe L -1 ), while nickel and magnesium varied within two orders of magnitude (0.002 to 0.6 mg Ni L -1 and 0.02 to 4 mg Mg L -1 ). Small variations were detected for calcium, sodium and copper (0.5 to 4 mg Ca L -1 , 2 to 24 mg Na L -1 , 0.1 to 1.7 mg Cu L -1 ), while lead, with one exception was usually below 0.005 mg L -1 . Using Cluster analysis no characteristic metal fingerprints were identified for the different geographical regions. However, when a second set of samples (42 malt and 8 blend whiskies) were analysed for copper, the copper concentration could be used as a criterion to distinguish Blended or Grain Scotch from Malt Whisky. The Malt Whiskies had a copper concentration between 385 and 480 ng mL -1 (95% confidence limit) while the copper concentration of the blended whiskies was between 143 and 242 ng L -1 . Since the difference was highly significant (p < 0.0001), it is suggested that a simple copper analysis could be used as one test to distinguish between a Blended and Malt Scotch Whisky.

“…Chemical differences between final whiskies result from many factors, e.g., conditions applied in production process or type of raw materials used. Straight bourbon whisky is produced in USA mainly from corn, while in Europe the most popular raw materials are barley and wheat [24][25][26]. The similar observation was done by Wiśniewska et al [21].…”

Section: Model_4mentioning

confidence: 71%

The application of FT-IR spectroscopy in discrimination of differently originated and aged whisky

Sujka

Koczoń

2018

Eur Food Res Technol

The rapid, simple, and non-destructive analytical procedure for discrimination and authentication of whiskies originating from Scotland, Ireland and USA due to their origin as well as time of maturation (two, three, six and twelve years) is presented. Combination of data from infrared spectroscopy with statistical analysis was used to construct eight discriminant models. Models obtained allowed to distinguish Scottish, Irish, and American whiskies and 2 and 3 years old beverages from 6 and 12 years old whiskies. Results show that 100% of samples were correctly classified in models discriminating American and Scottish whiskies or 2-year-old and 6-year-old American whiskies. American whiskies were classified correctly in all models which may suggest its considerable chemical difference compared to whisky produced in Scotland or Ireland. Constructed in current paper discriminant models can be used to identify unknown samples of whisky in terms of origin or age.